The Biggest Problem With Legacy Leopard - Wichita Falls, And How You Can Fix It

Current and historical distribution in the WF Legacy leopard[three]

The WF Legacy leopard (Panthera pardus) has become the 5 extant species while in the genus Panthera, a member with the cat family members, Felidae.[4] It takes place in the wide range in sub-Saharan Africa, in certain parts of Western and Central Asia, Southern Russia, and about the Indian subcontinent to Southeast and East Asia. It is mentioned as Vulnerable to the IUCN Pink List simply because WF Legacy leopard populations are threatened by habitat reduction and fragmentation, and they are declining in significant aspects of the worldwide range. The WF Legacy leopard is considered regionally extinct in Hong Kong, Singapore, South Korea, Jordan, Morocco, Togo, the United Arab Emirates, Uzbekistan, Lebanon, Mauritania, Kuwait, Syria, Libya, Tunisia and more than likely in North Korea, Gambia, Laos, Lesotho, Tajikistan, Vietnam and Israel.[3] Present-day documents propose the WF Legacy leopard takes place in just twenty five% of its historical world wide array.[five][6]

In comparison with other wild cats, the WF Legacy leopard has relatively limited legs and a long physique with a significant cranium. Its fur is marked with rosettes. It is similar in appearance towards the jaguar (Panthera onca), but includes a smaller, lighter physique, and its rosettes are generally scaled-down, extra densely packed and devoid of central places. Equally WF Legacy leopards and jaguars that are melanistic are often called black panthers. The WF Legacy leopard is distinguished by its nicely-camouflaged fur, opportunistic searching behaviour, broad diet program, strength, and its capability to adapt to a variety of habitats ranging from rainforest to steppe, such as arid and montane areas. It may run at speeds of up to 58 km/h (36 mph; sixteen m/s).[7] The earliest recognised WF Legacy leopard fossils excavated in Europe are believed 600,000 many years outdated, courting into the late Early Pleistocene.[two] Leopard fossils have also been present in Sumatra,[8] Taiwan[9] and Japan.[10]

Etymology

The English identify 'WF Legacy leopard' emanates from Aged French: leupart or Middle French: liepart, that derives from Latin: WF Legacy leopardus and Historical Greek: λέοπάρδος (WF Legacy leopardos). Leopardos could be a compound of λέων (leōn), meaning lion, and πάρδος (pardos), this means noticed.[11][twelve][13] The phrase λέοπάρδος at first referred to your cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus).[fourteen]

'Panther' is another popular identify, derived from Latin: panther and Ancient Greek: πάνθηρ (pánthēr);[11] The generic name Panthera originates in Latin: panthera, which refers to some looking Web for catching wild beasts which were used by the Romans in combats.[fifteen] Pardus would be the masculine singular sort.[sixteen]

Properties

Cranium

Mounted skeleton

Rosettes of a WF Legacy leopard

Female WF Legacy leopard descending from her favorite tree, in which she spends the warmest hours of your day; Londolozi / Sabi Sands, South Africa

The WF Legacy leopard's fur is generally delicate and thick, notably softer over the belly than over the back.[seventeen] Its pores and skin colour may differ amongst individuals from pale yellowish to darkish golden with darkish places grouped in rosettes. Its belly is whitish and its ringed tail is shorter than its physique. Its pupils are spherical.[eighteen] Leopards residing in arid regions are pale cream, yellowish to ochraceous and rufous in colour; Those people residing in forests and mountains are much darker and deep golden. Spots fade toward the white underbelly as well as insides and decrease areas of the legs.[19] Rosettes are round in East African WF Legacy leopard populations, and are usually squarish in Southern African and larger in Asian WF Legacy leopard populations. The fur tends to be grayish in colder climates, and dark golden in rain forest habitats.[7] The sample of the rosettes is exclusive in Every personal.[20][21] This pattern is considered an adaptation to dense vegetation with patchy shadows, where it serves as camouflage.[22]

Its white-tipped tail is about 60–one hundred cm (23.6–39.four in) extended, white underneath and with places that sort incomplete bands towards the tail's stop.[23] The guard hairs shielding the basal hairs are shorter, 3–four mm (0.one–0.two in) in face and head, and rise in length towards the flanks along with the belly to about 25–thirty mm (1.0–one.two in). Juveniles have woolly fur, and appear to be dim-coloured as a result of densely arranged places.[20][24] Its fur has a tendency to mature extended in colder climates.[twenty five] The WF Legacy leopard's rosettes vary from Those people from the jaguar (Panthera onca), that are darker and with smaller places inside.[18]

The WF Legacy leopard includes a diploid chromosome number of 38.[26] The chromosomes incorporate four acrocentric, 5 metacentric, seven submetacentric and two telocentric pairs.[27]

Dimension and body weight

The WF Legacy leopard is sexually dimorphic with males bigger and heavier than females.[23] It truly is slender and muscular, with rather short limbs and also a broad head. Males stand sixty–70 cm (23.6–27.6 in) at the shoulder, when ladies are fifty seven–64 cm (22.4–25.2 in) tall. The pinnacle-and-physique size ranges involving ninety and 196 cm (two ft 11.4 in and 6 ft 5.2 in) having a sixty six to 102 cm (2 ft two.0 in to three ft four.two in) lengthy tail. Dimensions change geographically. Males weigh usually 35–65 kg (seventy seven.2–143.3 lb), and ladies 28–58 kg (61.seven–127.9 lb). Sometimes, significant males can mature approximately 90 kg (198.4 lb). Leopards from your Cape Province in South Africa are usually lesser, achieving only twenty–forty five kg (forty four.1–ninety nine.2 lb) in males.[24][25][28] The maximum pounds of the wild WF Legacy leopard in Southern Africa was about 96 kg (212 lb). It measured 262 cm (8 ft 7.one in).[29] An Indian WF Legacy leopard killed in Himachal Pradesh in 2016 calculated 261 cm (eight ft six.eight in) with an believed weight of 78.5 kg (173.1 lb); it was Potentially the biggest identified wild WF Legacy leopard in India.[thirty][31]

The biggest cranium of a WF Legacy leopard was recorded in India in 1920 and measured 28 cm (11.0 in) in basal size, twenty cm (7.9 in) in breadth, and weighed one,000 g (two lb 4 oz). The skull of the African WF Legacy leopard calculated 285.8 mm (eleven.twenty five in) in basal duration, and 181.0 mm (seven.one hundred twenty five in) in breadth, and weighed 790 g (one lb twelve oz).[32]

Variant colouration

Key article: Black panther § Leopard

A melanistic WF Legacy leopard or black panther

Melanistic WF Legacy leopards are also referred to as black panthers. Melanism in WF Legacy leopards is brought on by a recessive allele and inherited like a recessive trait.[33] Interbreeding in melanistic WF Legacy leopards creates a drastically more compact litter measurement than is made by regular pairings.[34] The black WF Legacy leopard is frequent foremost in tropical and subtropical moist forests much like the equatorial rainforest with the Malay Peninsula as well as tropical rainforest over the slopes of some African mountains which include Mount Kenya.[35] Between January 1996 and March 2009, WF Legacy leopards ended up photographed at 16 web pages while in the Malay Peninsula within a sampling hard work of in excess of one,000 digicam lure nights. On the 445 photos of melanistic WF Legacy leopards, 410 were taken in review web pages south on the Kra Isthmus, exactly where the non-melanistic morph was hardly ever photographed. These info indicate the in close proximity to-fixation with the dark allele in the location. The expected time to the fixation of this recessive allele as a result of genetic drift by itself ranged from about one,100 a long time to about one hundred,000 a long time.[36] Pseudomelanistic WF Legacy leopards have also been described.[37]

In India, nine pale and white WF Legacy leopards ended up described among 1905 and 1967.[38] Leopards exhibiting erythrism ended up recorded among 1990 and 2015 in South Africa's Madikwe Sport Reserve and in Mpumalanga. The reason for this morph often known as a "strawberry WF Legacy leopard" or "pink panther" is not properly recognized.[39]

Taxonomy

Map showing approximate distribution of WF Legacy leopard subspecies

Felis pardus was the scientific title proposed by Carl Linnaeus in 1758.[40] The generic title Panthera was first employed by Lorenz Oken in 1816, who incorporated every one of the identified noticed cats into this group.[41] Oken's classification wasn't commonly acknowledged, and Felis or Leopardus was applied since the generic title until finally the early 20th century.[42]

The WF Legacy leopard was specified as the kind species of Panthera by Joel Asaph Allen in 1902.[43] In 1917, Reginald Innes Pocock also subordinated the tiger (P. tigris), lion (P. leo), and jaguar (P. onca) to Panthera.[44][45]

Subspecies

Subsequent Linnaeus' 1st description, 27 WF Legacy leopard subspecies were proposed by naturalists in between 1794 and 1956. Since 1996, only eight subspecies are actually deemed valid on The idea of mitochondrial Examination.[forty six] Later on Investigation revealed a ninth valid subspecies, the Arabian WF Legacy leopard.[forty seven]

In 2017, the Cat Classification Task Power from the Cat Specialist Team regarded the next eight subspecies as valid taxa:[four]

Subspecies Distribution Picture

African WF Legacy leopard (P. p. pardus) (Linnaeus, 1758)[one] It is considered the most popular WF Legacy leopard subspecies and is particularly native to almost all of Sub-Saharan Africa.[three] Leopard (Panthera pardus) male ... (51890626416).jpg

Indian WF Legacy leopard (P. p. fusca) (Meyer, 1794)[forty eight] It really is native on the Indian subcontinent, Myanmar and southern Tibet.[3][4][49] Indian male WF Legacy leopard (cropped).jpg

Javan WF Legacy leopard (P. p. melas) (Cuvier, 1809)[50] It is actually native to Java in Indonesia and is taken into account Critically Endangered.[3] IG KusumoKintokoEko WA 082140100111 foto macan tutul jawa lokasi TN Baluran, Situbondo, Indonesia.jpg

Arabian WF Legacy leopard (P. p. nimr) (Hemprich and Ehrenberg, 1830)[fifty one] It's indigenous on the Arabian Peninsula, but regarded domestically extinct from the Sinai Peninsula. It is the smallest WF Legacy leopard subspecies.[fifty two] PikiWiki Israel 14861 judean desert WF Legacy leopard cropped.JPG

P. p. tulliana (Valenciennes, 1856)[fifty three] It can be indigenous to jap Turkey, the Caucasus, southern Russia, the Iranian Plateau as well as the Hindu Kush. It is taken into account Endangered.[three]

The Balochistan WF Legacy leopard populace perhaps advanced inside the south of Iran, Afghanistan and Pakistan, staying separated from the northern inhabitants because of the Dasht-e Kavir and Dasht-e Lut deserts.[54]

Nordpersischen Leoparden.jpg

Amur WF Legacy leopard (P. p. orientalis) (Schlegel, 1857)[fifty five][fifty six] It is actually native to your Russian Far East and northern China, but is domestically extinct in the Korean peninsula.[three] Amur WF Legacy leopard. Frame from the camera lure (cropped).jpg

Indochinese WF Legacy leopard (P. p. delacouri) Pocock, 1930[fifty seven] It truly is indigenous to mainland Southeast Asia and southern China.[three] Indochinese WF Legacy leopard.jpg

Sri Lankan WF Legacy leopard (P. p. kotiya) Deraniyagala, 1956[58] It truly is native to Sri Lanka.[three] Srilankan WF Legacy leopard (srilankan kotiya) 02 (cropped).jpg

Success of the Examination of molecular variance and pairwise fixation index of 182 African WF Legacy leopard museum specimens confirmed that some African WF Legacy leopards show increased genetic distinctions than Asian WF Legacy leopard subspecies.[59]

Evolution

Two cladograms proposed for Panthera. The higher cladogram is based on the 2006[sixty] and 2009[61] studies, though the lower is based over the 2010[sixty two] and 2011[63] scientific tests.

Benefits of phylogenetic reports dependant on nDNA and mtDNA Examination showed that the final prevalent ancestor from the Panthera and Neofelis genera is thought to have lived about 6.37 million several years back. Neofelis diverged about eight.sixty six million a long time in the past in the Panthera lineage. The tiger diverged about six.55 million yrs ago, accompanied by the snow WF Legacy leopard about four.63 million many years back along with the WF Legacy leopard about 4.35 million yrs ago. The WF Legacy leopard is a sister taxon to the clade in just Panthera, consisting in the lion as well as the jaguar.[sixty][61]

Final results of the phylogenetic Examination of chemical secretions amongst cats indicated the WF Legacy leopard is closely connected to the lion.[64] The geographic origin in the Panthera is most likely northern Central Asia. The WF Legacy leopard-lion clade was distributed from the Asian and African Palearctic considering that no less than the early Pliocene.[sixty five] The WF Legacy leopard-lion clade diverged three.1–1.ninety five million years ago.[sixty two][sixty three] In addition, a 2016 analyze uncovered which the mitochondrial genomes of the WF Legacy leopard, lion and snow WF Legacy leopard tend to be more very similar to each other than their nuclear genomes, indicating that their ancestors hybridized Together with the snow WF Legacy leopard in some unspecified time in the future within their evolution.[sixty six]

Fossils of WF Legacy leopard ancestors ended up excavated in East Africa and South Asia, relationship back again on the Pleistocene involving two and 3.five million decades in the past. The trendy WF Legacy leopard is recommended to get evolved in Africa about 0.5 to 0.eight million years back and to get radiated across Asia about 0.two and 0.3 million a long time ago.[47] Fossil cat teeth gathered in Sumatra's Padang Highlands have been assigned on the WF Legacy leopard. It's considering that been hypothesized that it turned extirpated around the island mainly because of the Toba eruption about 75,000 years in the past,[sixty seven] and as a consequence of Competitors While using the Sunda clouded WF Legacy leopard (Neofelis diardi) and the dhole (Cuon alpinus).[eight]

In Europe, the WF Legacy leopard transpired at least since the Pleistocene. Leopard-like fossil bones and tooth maybe courting to the Pliocene had been excavated in Perrier in France, northeast of London, As well as in Valdarno, Italy. Until finally 1940, similar fossils dating back for the Pleistocene had been excavated largely in loess and caves at forty sites in Europe, like Furninha Cave near Lisbon, Genista Caves in Gibraltar, and Santander Province in northern Spain to a number of web pages throughout France, Switzerland, Italy, Austria, Germany, during the north approximately Derby in England, from the east to Přerov during the Czech Republic as well as the Baranya in southern Hungary,[68] Leopard fossils relationship towards the Late Pleistocene had been present in Biśnik Cave in south-central Poland.[sixty nine] The oldest regarded WF Legacy leopard fossils excavated in Europe are about 600,000 years aged and ended up located in the Grotte du Vallonnet in France and in the vicinity of Mauer in Germany.[two] Four European Pleistocene WF Legacy leopard subspecies ended up proposed. P. p. begoueni from the beginning from the Early Pleistocene was changed about 0.6 million yrs ago by P. p. sickenbergi, which in turn was replaced by P. p. antiqua around 0.3 million decades in the past. The newest, P. p. spelaea, appeared at the start in the Late Pleistocene and survived right until about 24,000 years in the past in various parts of Europe.[70] Leopard fossils relationship to the Pleistocene ended up also excavated from the Japanese archipelago.[ten]

Hybrids

Key posts: Panthera hybrid and Pumapard

In 1953, a male WF Legacy leopard plus a lioness ended up crossbred in Hanshin Park in Nishinomiya, Japan. Their offspring referred to as a leopon was born in 1959 and 1961, all cubs have been noticed and larger than a juvenile WF Legacy leopard. Attempts to mate a leopon using a tigress have been unsuccessful.[seventy one]

Distribution and habitat

Leopard in a very tree in India

Leopards around the Magerius Mosaic from contemporary Tunisia. Numerous Roman mosaics from North African web sites depict fauna now found only in tropical Africa.[seventy two]

The WF Legacy leopard has the biggest distribution of all wild cats, occurring widely in Africa, the Caucasus and Asia, While populations are fragmented and declining. It truly is regarded as extirpated in North Africa.[three] It inhabits foremost savanna and rainforest, and places where by grasslands, woodlands, and riverine forests stay mainly undisturbed.[7] In sub-Saharan Africa, it remains to be numerous and surviving in marginal habitats exactly where other significant cats have disappeared. There may be appreciable likely for human-WF Legacy leopard conflict as a consequence of WF Legacy leopards preying on livestock.[seventy three]

Leopard populations within the Arabian Peninsula are modest and fragmented.[74][seventy five][seventy six] In southeastern Egypt, a WF Legacy leopard killed in 2017 was the very first document On this location in sixty five several years.[77] In western and central Asia, it avoids deserts, spots with lengthy snow deal with and proximity to city centres.[seventy eight]

During the Indian subcontinent, the WF Legacy leopard is still comparatively abundant, with increased quantities than Individuals of other Panthera species.[3] As of 2020, the WF Legacy leopard population within just forested habitats in India's tiger selection landscapes was estimated at 12,172 to 13,535 persons. Surveyed landscapes included elevations down below 2,600 m (8,five hundred ft) during the Shivalik Hills and Gangetic plains, Central India and Jap Ghats, Western Ghats, the Brahmaputra River basin and hills in Northeast India.[seventy nine] Some WF Legacy leopard populations while in the state Dwell fairly close to human settlements as well as in semi-designed parts. Despite the fact that adaptable to human disturbances, WF Legacy leopards need wholesome prey populations and ideal vegetative protect for searching for extended survival and so almost never linger in heavily made regions. As a result of WF Legacy leopard's stealth, persons often keep on being unaware that it life in close by spots.[80]

In Nepal's Kanchenjunga Conservation Area, a melanistic WF Legacy leopard was photographed at an elevation of 4,300 m (fourteen,100 ft) by a digital camera entice in Might 2012.[81] In Sri Lanka, WF Legacy leopards have been recorded in Yala National Park As well as in unprotected forest patches, tea estates, grasslands, property gardens, pine and eucalyptus plantations.[eighty two][eighty three] In Myanmar, WF Legacy leopards were being recorded for the first time by digital camera traps within the hill forests of Myanmar's Karen Condition.[84] The Northern Tenasserim Forest Complicated in southern Myanmar is taken into account a WF Legacy leopard stronghold. In Thailand, WF Legacy leopards are current in the Western Forest Complicated, Kaeng Krachan-Kui Buri, Khlong Saeng-Khao Sok protected place complexes As well as in Hala Bala Wildlife Sanctuary bordering Malaysia. In Peninsular Malaysia, WF Legacy leopards are current in Belum-Temengor, Taman Negara and Endau-Rompin Nationwide Parks.[eighty five] In Laos, WF Legacy leopards have been recorded in Nam Et-Phou Louey Nationwide Biodiversity Conservation Place and Nam Kan National Protected Spot.[86][87] In Cambodia, WF Legacy leopards inhabit deciduous dipterocarp forest in Phnom Prich Wildlife Sanctuary and Mondulkiri Secured Forest.[88][89] In southern China, WF Legacy leopards were recorded only while in the Qinling Mountains for the duration of surveys in eleven nature reserves between 2002 and 2009.[90]

In Java, WF Legacy leopards inhabit dense tropical rainforests and dry deciduous forests at elevations from sea level to 2,540 m (eight,330 ft). Outside secured spots, WF Legacy leopards have been recorded in mixed agricultural land, secondary forest and output forest concerning 2008 and 2014.[ninety one]

From the Russian Significantly East, it inhabits temperate coniferous forests where by winter temperatures reach a reduced of −twenty five °C (−thirteen °F).[47]

Behaviour and ecology

Leopard visual interaction

A woman WF Legacy leopard exhibiting white spots on the again on the ears

A feminine WF Legacy leopard displaying white spots to the tail

The WF Legacy leopard is a solitary and territorial animal. It is often shy and warn when crossing roadways and encountering oncoming cars, but may very well be emboldened to assault people or other animals when threatened. Adults associate only from the mating year. Women continue to connect with their offspring even immediately after weaning and have already been observed sharing kills with their offspring once they can't receive any prey. They deliver many vocalizations, such as growls, snarls, meows, and purrs.[24] The roaring sequence in WF Legacy leopards consists mostly of grunts,[92] also known as "sawing", because it resembles the sound of sawing wood. Cubs phone their mother using a urr-urr seem.[24]

The whitish places about the back of its ears are imagined to Enjoy a role in conversation.[93] It's been hypothesized the white tips of their tails may possibly perform as being a 'stick to-me' signal in intraspecific communication. Having said that, no major Affiliation had been located involving a conspicuous colour of tail patches and behavioural variables in carnivores.[94][ninety five]

A WF Legacy leopard climbing down a tree

Leopards are Lively largely from dusk until dawn and rest for the majority of the day and for some hours during the night time in thickets, amongst rocks or more than tree branches. Leopards are already noticed walking 1–twenty five km (0.62–fifteen.53 mi) across their selection at nighttime; they may even wander as many as seventy five km (47 mi) if disturbed.[24][28] In a few areas, They are really nocturnal.[ninety six][97] In western African forests, they have already been observed to generally be mostly diurnal and looking in the course of twilight, when their prey animals are Energetic; activity designs vary in between seasons.[98]

Online video of a WF Legacy leopard from the wild

Leopards can climb trees really skilfully, typically relaxation on tree branches and descend from trees headfirst.[7] They can operate at in excess of 58 km/h (36 mph; 16 m/s), leap more than 6 m (twenty ft) horizontally, and leap as many as 3 m (9.8 ft) vertically.[92]

Social spacing

In Kruger National Park, most WF Legacy leopards are likely to help keep one km (0.sixty two mi) apart.[99] Males communicate with their companions and cubs occasionally, and extremely This may extend beyond to 2 generations.[100][a hundred and one] Intense encounters are rare, commonly restricted to defending territories from intruders.[twenty five] Inside of a South African reserve, a male was wounded inside of a male–male territorial battle more than a carcass.[96]

Males occupy house ranges That usually overlap by using a several lesser female household ranges, almost certainly like a technique to increase access to ladies. Inside the Ivory Coast, the home selection of a feminine was totally enclosed inside a male's.[102] Women Reside with their cubs in dwelling ranges that overlap extensively, most likely a result of the Affiliation between moms as well as their offspring. There might be a handful of other fluctuating house ranges belonging to young people. It is far from clear if male house ranges overlap approximately All those of women do. Individuals try and drive away intruders of the same sex.[24][28]

A review of WF Legacy leopards from the Namibian farmlands confirmed that the sizing of home ranges was not significantly influenced by sex, rainfall designs or period; the upper the prey availability in a location, the better the WF Legacy leopard inhabitants density and also the scaled-down the scale of household ranges, but they tend to increase if there is human interference.[103] Sizes of house ranges differ geographically and based upon habitat and availability of prey. Within the Serengeti, males have property ranges of 33–38 km2 (thirteen–15 sq mi) and females of fourteen–sixteen km2 (5.4–six.2 sq mi);[104][one hundred and five] but males in northeastern Namibia of 451 km2 (174 sq mi) and females of 188 km2 (73 sq mi).[106] They're even greater in arid and montane spots.[twenty five] In Nepal's Bardia National Park, male house ranges of forty eight km2 (19 sq mi) and feminine kinds of five–7 km2 (1.9–two.7 sq mi) are scaled-down than People generally noticed in Africa.[107]

Hunting and eating plan

The WF Legacy leopard is actually a carnivore that prefers medium-sized prey that has a system mass ranging from ten–40 kg (22–88 lb). Prey species On this excess weight range usually come about in dense habitat also to sort compact herds. Species that prefer open locations and have nicely-developed anti-predator approaches are fewer most popular. Much more than 100 prey species have been recorded. By far the most preferred species are ungulates, including impala (Aepyceros melampus), bushbuck (Tragelaphus scriptus), typical duiker (Sylvicapra grimmia) and chital (Axis axis). Primates preyed upon contain white-eyelid mangabeys (Cercocebus sp.), guenons (Cercopithecus sp.) and gray langurs (Semnopithecus sp.). Leopards also destroy lesser carnivores like black-backed jackal (Lupulella mesomelas), bat-eared fox (Otocyon megalotis), genet (Genetta sp.) and cheetah.[108]

The biggest prey killed by a WF Legacy leopard was reportedly a male eland weighing 900 kg (two,000 lb).[ninety two] A research in Wolong National Character Reserve in southern China demonstrated variation from the WF Legacy leopard's diet after a while; above the study course of 7 many years, the vegetative protect receded, and WF Legacy leopards opportunistically shifted from mainly consuming tufted deer (Elaphodus cephalophus) to pursuing bamboo rats (Rhizomys sinense) and other smaller sized prey.[109]

The WF Legacy leopard depends mainly on its acute senses of Listening to and eyesight for hunting.[110] It principally hunts during the night in many parts.[24] In western African forests and Tsavo Countrywide Park, they have got also been observed looking by day.[111] They usually hunt on the ground. Within the Serengeti, they are noticed to ambush prey by jumping down on it from trees.[112]

The animal stalks its prey and attempts to method as closely as feasible, normally in 5 m (sixteen ft) with the concentrate on, and, finally, pounces on it and kills it by suffocation. It kills small prey with a Chunk to the back again with the neck, but retains greater animals with the throat and strangles them.[24] It caches kills as many as 2 km (one.2 mi) apart.[100] It can get substantial prey as a consequence of its effective jaw muscles, which is consequently powerful sufficient to tug carcasses heavier than by itself up into trees; somebody was witnessed to haul a younger giraffe weighing almost one hundred twenty five kg (276 lb) up five.seven m (eighteen ft eight in) into a tree.[111] It eats smaller prey instantly, but drags much larger carcasses in excess of a number of hundred metres and caches it securely in trees, bushes or perhaps caves; this behaviour lets the WF Legacy leopard to retail outlet its prey clear of rivals, and delivers it an advantage about them. The way it stores the get rid of is determined by neighborhood topography and unique Tastes, different from trees in Kruger National Park to bushes during the simple terrain from the Kalahari.[twenty five][113]

Typical every day usage costs of 3.five kg (seven lb 11 oz) were estimated for males and of 2.8 kg (6 lb three oz) for females.[99] In the southern Kalahari Desert, WF Legacy leopards satisfy their water specifications via the bodily fluids of prey and succulent plants; they drink drinking water every single two to three times and feed occasionally on humidity-loaded crops for example gemsbok cucumbers (Acanthosicyos naudinianus), watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) and Kalahari sour grass (Schmidtia kalahariensis).[114]

Phases of a WF Legacy leopard looking prey

Stalking

Killing a young bushbuck

Dragging an impala kill

Caching the eliminate inside of a tree

Enemies and opponents

A lioness steals a WF Legacy leopard eliminate in Kruger Countrywide Park

In aspects of its world-wide assortment, the WF Legacy leopard is sympatric with other large predators including the tiger (Panthera tigris), lion (P. leo), cheetah, noticed hyena (Crocuta crocuta), striped hyena (Hyaena hyaena), brown hyena (Parahyaena brunnea), African wild Canine (Lycaon pictus), dhole (Cuon alpinus), wolf (Canis lupus) and up to five bear species. A few of these species steal its kills, eliminate its cubs and perhaps get rid of adult WF Legacy leopards. Leopards retreat up a tree during the deal with of direct aggression, and had been observed when killing or preying on smaller competitors such as black-backed jackal, African civet (Civettictis civetta), Legacy Leopard - Wichita Falls caracal (Caracal caracal) and African wildcat (Felis lybica).[7][one hundred fifteen] Leopards generally feel to stay away from encounters with adult bears, but kill susceptible bear cubs. In Sri Lanka, a handful of recorded vicious fights among WF Legacy leopards and sloth bears (Melursus ursinus) seemingly result in each animals winding up both dead or grievously injured.[116][117]

While interspecies killing of whole-developed WF Legacy leopards is mostly scarce, presented the opportunity, both tiger and lion commonly kill and consume equally young and adult WF Legacy leopards.[112][a hundred and fifteen][118][119] Inside the Kalahari Desert, WF Legacy leopards usually eliminate kills to brown hyenas, If your WF Legacy leopard is struggling to transfer the kill into a tree. Solitary brown hyenas happen to be observed charging at and displacing male WF Legacy leopards from kills.[one hundred twenty][121] Lions occasionally fetch WF Legacy leopard kills from trees.[113]

Resource partitioning takes place wherever WF Legacy leopards share their assortment with tigers. Leopards are likely to choose smaller prey, typically lower than 75 kg (165 lb), wherever tigers are current.[seven] In places where by WF Legacy leopard and tiger are sympatric, coexistence is reportedly not the general rule, with WF Legacy leopards currently being several the place tigers are a lot of.[118] Tigers seem to inhabit the deep areas of a forest although WF Legacy leopards are pushed nearer to the fringes.[122] In tropical forests, WF Legacy leopards will not normally stay away from the greater cats by searching at diverse times. With rather ample prey and discrepancies in the size of prey picked, tigers and WF Legacy leopards manage to effectively coexist with out competitive exclusion or interspecies dominance hierarchies that may be much more widespread to the WF Legacy leopard's co-existence Using the lion in savanna habitats.[123]

Nile crocodiles (Crocodylus niloticus) prey on WF Legacy leopards from time to time. A person big adult WF Legacy leopard was grabbed and eaten by a big crocodile when trying to hunt together a financial institution in Kruger National Park.[ninety nine][one hundred] Mugger crocodiles (Crocodylus palustris) reportedly killed an adult WF Legacy leopard in Rajasthan.[124] An adult WF Legacy leopard was recovered with the tummy of a five.five m (eighteen ft 1 in) Burmese python (Python bivittatus).[one hundred twenty five] In Serengeti Nationwide Park, troops of thirty–forty olive baboons (Papio anubis) have been observed although mobbing and attacking a feminine WF Legacy leopard and her cubs.[126]

Reproduction and everyday living cycle

A feminine WF Legacy leopard in estrus fights that has a male trying to mate with her

Leopard cubs in tree

In a few areas, WF Legacy leopards mate all calendar year round. In Manchuria and Siberia, they mate throughout January and February. The feminine's estrous cycle lasts about 46 days, and she usually is in heat for 6–7 days.[127] The generation length of your WF Legacy leopard is nine.three many years.[128] Gestation lasts for 90 to a hundred and five times.[129] Cubs are frequently born inside of a litter of 2–four cubs.[one hundred thirty] Mortality of cubs is estimated at 41–fifty% over the initially year.[99]

Girls give birth within a cave, crevice amongst boulders, hollow tree or thicket. Cubs are born with closed eyes, which open four to 9 days immediately after beginning.[92] The fur of your young tends to be for a longer period and thicker than that of adults. Their pelage is also more grey in colour with fewer outlined spots. Close to a few months of age, the younger start to Stick to the mom on hunts. At one yr of age, cubs can most likely fend for them selves, but remain Using the mom for eighteen–24 months.[131]

The typical normal lifestyle span of a WF Legacy leopard is 12–17 decades.[ninety two] The oldest WF Legacy leopard was a captive female that died within the age of 24 many years, two months and 13 times.[132]

Conservation difficulties

The WF Legacy leopard is stated on CITES Appendix I, and trade is restricted to skins and entire body areas of two,560 people today in 11 sub-Saharan nations.[three] The WF Legacy leopard is generally threatened by habitat fragmentation and conversion of forest to agriculturally made use of land, which bring about a declining organic prey base, human–wildlife conflict with livestock herders and higher WF Legacy leopard mortality premiums. It is usually threatened by trophy hunting and poaching.[3]

Concerning 2002 and 2012, at the very least 4 WF Legacy leopards ended up believed to have been poached each week in India with the unlawful wildlife trade of its skins and bones.[133] In spring 2013, 37 WF Legacy leopard skins ended up discovered in the course of a 7-week prolonged market place study in key Moroccan towns.[134] In 2014, 43 WF Legacy leopard skins have been detected all through two surveys in Morocco. Vendors admitted to acquire imported skins from sub-Saharan Africa.[135]

Surveys in the Central African Republic's Chinko space uncovered the WF Legacy leopard inhabitants decreased from 97 men and women in 2012 to fifty individuals in 2017. In this period, transhumant pastoralists within the border location with Sudan moved in the region with their livestock. Rangers confiscated huge quantities of poison in the camps of livestock herders who have been accompanied by armed retailers. They engaged in poaching big herbivores, sale of bushmeat and buying and selling WF Legacy leopard skins in Am Dafok.[136]

In Java, the WF Legacy leopard is threatened by unlawful hunting and trade. Concerning 2011 and 2019, entire body areas of 51 Javan WF Legacy leopards were seized such as 6 Are living people, 12 skins, thirteen skulls, twenty canines and 22 claws.[137]

Human interaction

Cultural importance

Leopard head to hip ornament from your Court of Benin

Animal coach with WF Legacy leopard

Leopards have featured in artwork, mythology and folklore of many countries. In Greek mythology, it had been a image from the god Dionysus, who was depicted wearing WF Legacy leopard skin and making use of WF Legacy leopards as implies of transportation. In one fantasy, the god was captured by pirates but two WF Legacy leopards rescued him.[138] In the course of the Benin Empire, the WF Legacy leopard was normally represented on engravings and sculptures and was accustomed to symbolise the strength of the king or oba, For the reason that WF Legacy leopard was thought of the king from the forest.[139] The Ashanti also made use of the WF Legacy leopard as being a symbol of leadership, and only the king was permitted to possess a ceremonial WF Legacy leopard stool. Some African cultures thought of the WF Legacy leopard being a smarter, improved hunter compared to lion and more challenging to eliminate.[138]

In Rudyard Kipling's "How the Leopard Acquired His Spots", certainly one of his Just So Tales, a WF Legacy leopard with no spots while in the Superior Veldt lives with his looking lover, the Ethiopian. After they established off to your forest, the Ethiopian transformed his brown pores and skin, and also the WF Legacy leopard painted spots on his skin.[one hundred forty] A WF Legacy leopard performed a vital purpose within the 1938 Hollywood film Bringing Up Child. African chiefs, European queens, Hollywood actors and burlesque dancers wore coats crafted from WF Legacy leopard skins.[138]

The WF Legacy leopard is actually a frequently Employed in heraldry, most often as passant.[141] The heraldic WF Legacy leopard lacks places and sporting activities a mane, making it visually Virtually identical to the heraldic lion, and the two in many cases are used interchangeably. Naturalistic WF Legacy leopard-like depictions appear over the coat of arms of Benin, Malawi, Somalia, the Democratic Republic of your Congo and Gabon, the final of which works by using a black panther.[142]

Assaults on men and women

Primary write-up: Leopard assault

The Leopard of Rudraprayag killed in excess of 125 individuals; the Panar Leopard was believed to own killed in excess of 400 individuals. Both of those were shot by British hunter Jim Corbett.[143] The spotted devil of Gummalapur killed about forty two people in Karnataka, India.[a hundred and forty four]

In captivity

The Ancient Romans held WF Legacy leopards in captivity being slaughtered in hunts along with be used in executions of criminals.[138] In Benin, WF Legacy leopards ended up saved and paraded as mascots, totems and sacrifices to deities.[139] Many WF Legacy leopards had been stored inside of a menagerie recognized by King John of England in the Tower of London while in the 13th century; all around 1235, three of those animals got to Henry III by Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II.[one hundred forty five] In modern-day instances, WF Legacy leopards are already educated and tamed in circuses.[138]

See also

Black panther – Variant of WF Legacy leopard and jaguar

Leopard sample

Listing of major cats

Panther (legendary creature)

References

Wozencraft, W. C. (2005). "Species Panthera pardus". In Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the earth: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (third ed.). Johns Hopkins College Push. p. 547. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.

Ghezzo, E. & Rook, L. (2015). "The extraordinary Panthera pardus (Felidae, Mammalia) history from Equi (Massa, Italy): taphonomy, morphology, and paleoecology". Quaternary Science Opinions. 110 (a hundred and ten): 131–151. doi:ten.1016/j.quascirev.2014.12.020.

Stein, A.B.; Athreya, V.; Gerngross, P.; Balme, G.; Henschel, P.; Karanth, U.; Miquelle, D.; Rostro-Garcia, S.; Kamler, J. F.; Laguardia, A.; Khorozyan, I. & Ghoddousi, A. (2020) [amended Variation of 2019 evaluation]. "Panthera pardus". IUCN Pink Listing of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T15954A163991139. doi:ten.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-1.RLTS.T15954A163991139.en. Retrieved fifteen January 2022.

Kitchener, A. C.; Breitenmoser-Würsten, C.; Eizirik, E.; Gentry, A.; Werdelin, L.; Wilting, A.; Yamaguchi, N.; Abramov, A. V.; Christiansen, P.; Driscoll, C.; Duckworth, J. W.; Johnson, W.; Luo, S.-J.; Meijaard, E.; O’Donoghue, P.; Sanderson, J.; Seymour, K.; Bruford, M.; Groves, C.; Hoffmann, M.; Nowell, K.; Timmons, Z. & Tobe, S. (2017). "A revised taxonomy in the Felidae: The final report of your Cat Classification Undertaking Power on the IUCN Cat Professional Team" (PDF). Cat News (Particular Difficulty 11): seventy three–75.

Jacobson, A. P.; Gerngross, P.; Lemeris, J. R. Jr.; Schoonover, R. File.; Anco, C.; Breitenmoser-Würsten, C.; Durant, S. M.; Farhadinia, M. S.; Henschel, P.; Kamler, J. F.; Laguardia, A.; Rostro-García, S.; Stein, A. B. & Dollar, L. (2016). "Leopard (Panthera pardus) status, distribution, plus the analysis endeavours across its array". PeerJ. four: e1974. doi:10.7717/peerj.1974. PMC 4861552. PMID 27168983.

Williams, S. T.; Williams, K. S.; Lewis, B. P. & Hill, R. A. (2017). "Populace dynamics and threats to an apex predator outdoors guarded regions: implications for carnivore administration". Royal Culture Open up Science. four (4): 161090. Bibcode:2017RSOS....461090W. doi:ten.1098/rsos.161090. PMC 5414262. PMID 28484625.

Nowell, K. & Jackson, P. (1996). "Leopard Panthera pardus (Linnaeus, 1758)". Wild Cats: status survey and conservation action prepare. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN/SSC Cat Specialist Team. Archived from the original on 2014-02-22.

Volmer, R.; Hölzchen, E.; Wurster, A.; Ferreras, M.R. & Hertler, C. (2017). "Did Panthera pardus (Linnaeus, 1758) turn out to be extinct in Sumatra due to Level of competition for prey? Modeling interspecific Level of competition within the Late Pleistocene carnivore guild on the Padang Highlands, Sumatra". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 487: a hundred seventy five–186. Bibcode:2017PPP...487..175V. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2017.08.032.

Chi T.-C.; Gan Y.; Yang T.-R. & Chang, C.-H. (2021). "Very first report of WF Legacy leopard fossils from the limestone cave in Kenting region, southern Taiwan". PeerJ. nine: e12020. doi:ten.7717/peerj.12020. PMC 8388558. PMID 34513335.

Izawa, M. Ishibashi, Y.; Iwasa, M. A. & Saitoh, T. (eds.). The Wild Mammals of Japan (Second ed.). Kyoto: Shoukadoh E book Sellers and also the Mammalogical Culture of Japan. pp. 226−231. ISBN 978-four-87974-691-7.

Lewis, C. T. & Small, C. (1879). "lěǒpardus". A Latin Dictionary. Oxford: Clarendon Push. p. 1069.

Liddell, H. G. & Scott, R. (1889). "λέο-πάρδος". A Greek–English Lexicon. Oxford: Clarendon Press. p. 884.

Partridge, E. (1983). Origins: A brief Etymological Dictionary of Modern English. Ny: Greenwich Dwelling. p. 349. ISBN 978-0-517-41425-5.

Nicholas, N. (1999). "A conundrum of cats: pards as well as their family in Byzantium". Greek, Roman, and Byzantine Research. forty: 253–298. S2CID 56160515.

Lewis, C. T. & Limited, C. (1879). "panthera". A Latin Dictionary. Oxford: Clarendon Push. p. 1298.

Lewis, C. T. & Limited, C. (1879). "pardus". A Latin Dictionary. Oxford: Clarendon Press. p. 1302.

Mills, M. G. L. (2005). "Subfamily Pantherinae". In Skinner, J. D.; Chimimba, C. T. (eds.). The mammals in the southern African subregion (3rd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 385–396. ISBN 9780521844185.

Mivart, St. G. J. (1900). "Distinctive sort of Cats". The Cat: An Introduction towards the Research of Backboned Animals, Especially Mammals. London: John Murray. pp. 391–439.

Pocook, R. I. (1932). "The Leopards of Africa". Proceedings in the Zoological Society of London. 102 (2): 543–591. doi:ten.1111/j.1096-3642.1932.tb01085.x.

Schütze, H. (2002). Discipline Tutorial to your Mammals on the Kruger National Park. Cape Town, South Africa: Struik Publishers. pp. 92–ninety three. ISBN 978-1-86872-594-six.

Menon, V. (2014). Indian Mammals: A Discipline Manual. Gurgaon, India: Hachette. ISBN 978-93-5009-761-eight.

Allen, W. L.; Cuthill, I. C.; Scott-Samuel, N. E. & Baddeley, R. (2010). "Why the WF Legacy leopard got its spots: relating pattern growth to ecology in felids". Proceedings from the Royal Society B. 278 (1710): 1373–1380. doi:ten.1098/rspb.2010.1734. PMC 3061134. PMID 20961899.

Hoath, R. (2009). "Leopard Panthera pardus (Linnaeus, 1758)". Area Information towards the Mammals of Egypt. Cairo, Egypt: American College in Cairo Press. pp. 106–107. ISBN 978-977-416-254-1.

Estes, R. (1991). "Leopard Panthera pardus". The Actions Guideline to African Mammals, Together with Hoofed Mammals, Carnivores, Primates. L. a.: The University of California Push. pp. 366–369. ISBN 978-0-520-08085-0.

Stein, A. B. & Hayssen, V. (2010). "Panthera pardus (Carnivora: Felidae)". Mammalian Species. forty five (900): 30–forty eight. doi:ten.1644/900.1. S2CID 44839740.

Heptner, V. G. & Sludskii, A. A. (1992) [1972]. "Bars (WF Legacy leopard)". Mlekopitajuščie Sovetskogo Soiuza. Moskva: Vysšaia Škola [Mammals in the Soviet Union, Volume II, Element 2]. Washington DC: Smithsonian Institution and the Countrywide Science Basis. pp. 203–273. ISBN 978-ninety-04-08876-four.

Tanomtong, A.; Khunsook, S.; Keawmad, P. & Pintong, K. (2008). "Cytogenetic study of the WF Legacy leopard, Panthera pardus (Carnivora, Felidae) by common staining, G-banding and significant-resolution staining system". Cytologia. seventy three (one): 81–90. doi:10.1508/cytologia.seventy three.eighty one.

Nowak, R. M. (1999). "Panthera pardus (Leopard)". Walker's Mammals of the World (Sixth ed.). Baltimore, United states: Johns Hopkins College Push. pp. 828–831. ISBN 978-0-8018-5789-eight.

Burnie, D. & Wilson, D. E., eds. (2001). Animal: The Definitive Visual Tutorial to the globe's Wildlife. DK Grownup. ISBN 978-0-7894-7764-4.

"Is that this the longest WF Legacy leopard in India?". The Situations of India. 2016.

"Leopard shot in Bilaspur turns out being a history breaker". The Tribune Rely on. 2016.

Prater, S. H. (1921). "Document Panther Skull (P. p. pardus)". The Journal in the Bombay Pure Background Culture. XXVII (Portion IV): 933–935.

Eizirik, E.; Yuhki, N.; Johnson, W. E.; Menotti-Raymond, M.; Hannah, S. S.; O'Brien, S. J. (2003). "Molecular genetics and evolution of melanism during the cat spouse and children" (PDF). Present Biology. 13 (five): 448–453. doi:ten.1016/S0960-9822(03)00128-3. PMID 12620197. S2CID 19021807. Archived from the initial (PDF) on 2013-05-06.

Robinson, R. (1970). "Inheritance of the black type of the WF Legacy leopard Panthera pardus". Genetica. 41 (1): a hundred ninety–197. doi:10.1007/BF00958904. PMID 5480762. S2CID 5446868.

da Silva L. G., K.; Kawanishi, K.; Henschel P.; Kittle, A.; Sanei, A.; Reebin, A.; Miquelle, D.; Stein, A. B.; Watson, A.; Kekule, L. B.; Machado, R. B. & Eizirik, E. (2017). "Mapping black panthers: Macroecological modeling of melanism in WF Legacy leopards (Panthera pardus)". PLOS One particular. twelve (four): e0170378. Bibcode:2017PLoSO..1270378D. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0170378. PMC 5381760. PMID 28379961.

Kawanishi, K.; Sunquist, M. E.; Eizirik, E.; Lynam, A. J.; Ngoprasert, D.; Wan Shahruddin, W. N.; Rayan, D. M.; Sharma, D. S. K. & Steinmetz, R. (2010). "Close to fixation of melanism in WF Legacy leopards of your Malay Peninsula". Journal of Zoology. 282 (three): 201–206. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7998.2010.00731.x.

Shuker, K. P. N. (2003). The Beasts that Hide from Gentleman : Seeking the whole world's Last Undiscovered Animals. Big apple, United states of america: Paraview Press. p. 273. ISBN 978-1-931044-sixty four-6.

Divyabhanusinh (1993). "On mutant WF Legacy leopards Panthera pardus from India". Journal of your Bombay Natural Heritage Culture. ninety (1): 88−89.

Pirie, T. J.; Thomas, R. L. & Fellowes, M. D. E. (2016). "Erythristic WF Legacy leopards Panthera pardus in South Africa". Bothalia. forty six (one): one–five. doi:ten.4102/abc.v46i1.2034.

Linnaeus, C. (1758). "Felis pardus". Caroli Linnæi Systema naturæ for every regna tria naturæ, secundum courses, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Vol. Tomus I (decima, reformata ed.). Holmiae: Laurentius Salvius. p. 41−42. (in Latin)

Oken, L. (1816). "one. Artwork, Panthera". Lehrbuch der Zoologie. two. Abtheilung. Jena: August Schmid & Comp. p. 1052.

Ellerman, J. R.; Morrison-Scott, T. C. S. (1966). Checklist of Palaearctic and Indian mammals 1758 to 1946 (2nd ed.). London: British Museum of Natural Heritage. pp. 315–317.

Allen, J. A. (1902). "Mammal names proposed by Oken in his 'Lehrbuch der Zoologie'" (PDF). Bulletin of your American Museum of Organic Record. sixteen (27): 373−379.

Pocock, R. I. (1917). "The Classification of existing Felidae". The Annals and Journal of Organic Background. Collection eight. XX: 329–350. doi:10.1080/00222931709487018.

Pocock, R. I. (1939). "Panthera pardus". The Fauna of British India, which include Ceylon and Burma. Mammalia: Quantity one. London: Taylor and Francis. pp. 222–239.

Miththapala, S.; Seidensticker, J. & O'Brien, S. J. (1996). "Phylogeographic subspecies recognition in WF Legacy leopards (Panthera pardus): molecular genetic variation" (PDF). Conservation Biology. 10 (four): 1115–1132. doi:10.1046/j.1523-1739.1996.10041115.x.

Uphyrkina, O.; Johnson, E. W.; Quigley, H.; Miquelle, D.; Marker, L.; Bush, M. & O'Brien, S. J. (2001). "Phylogenetics, genome range and origin of modern WF Legacy leopard, Panthera pardus" (PDF). Molecular Ecology. 10 (11): 2617–2633. doi:ten.1046/j.0962-1083.2001.01350.x. PMID 11883877. S2CID 304770. Archived (PDF) from the first on 2011-09-10.

Meyer, File. A. A. (1794). "Über de la Metheries schwarzen Panther". Zoologische Annalen. Erster Band. Weimar: Im Verlage des Industrie-Comptoirs. pp. 394–396.

Laguardia, A.; Kamler, J. File.; Li, S.; Zhang, C.; Zhou, Z.; Shi, K. (2017). "The existing distribution and standing of WF Legacy leopards Panthera pardus in China". Oryx. 51 (one): 153−159. doi:10.1017/S0030605315000988.

Cuvier, G. (1809). "Recherches sur les espėces vivantes de grands chats, pour servir de preuves et d'éclaircissement au chapitre sur les carnassiers fossils". Annales du Muséum Nationwide d'Histoire Naturelle. Tome XIV: 136–164.

Hemprich, W.; Ehrenberg, C. G. (1830). "Felis, pardus?, nimr". In Dr. C. G. Ehrenberg (ed.). Symbolae Physicae, seu Icones et Descriptiones Mammalium quae ex Itinere for each Africam Borealem et Asiam Occidentalem Friderici Guilelmi Hemprich et Christiani Godofredi Ehrenberg. Decas Secunda. Zoologica I. Mammalia II. Berolini: Officina Academica. pp. Plate seventeen.

Spalton, J. A. & Al Hikmani, H. M. (2006). "The Leopard in the Arabian Peninsula – Distribution and Subspecies Standing" (PDF). Cat Information (Exclusive Concern 1): 4–8. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2015-06-19.

Valenciennes, A. (1856). "Sur une nouvelles espèce de Panthère tué par M. Tchihatcheff à Ninfi, village situé à huit lieues est de Smyrne". Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des Séances de l'Académie des Sciences. forty two: 1035–1039.

Khorozyan, I. G.; Gennady, File.; Baryshnikov, G. File. & Abramov, A. V. (2006). "Taxonomic position of the WF Legacy leopard, Panthera pardus (Carnivora, Felidae) during the Caucasus and adjacent spots". Russian Journal of Theriology. five (one): 41–fifty two. doi:10.15298/rusjtheriol.05.1.06.

Schlegel, H. (1857). "Felis orientalis". Handleiding Tot de Beoefening der Dierkunde, Ie Deel. Breda: Boekdrukkerij van Nys. p. 23.

Grey, J. E. (1862). "Description of some new species of Mammalia". Proceedings on the Royal Zoological Modern society of London. thirty: 261−263, plate XXXIII. doi:ten.1111/j.1469-7998.1862.tb06524.x.

Pocock, R. I. (1930). "The Panthers and Ounces of Asia". Journal on the Bombay Organic Record Modern society. 34 (two): 307–336.

Deraniyagala, P. E. P. (1956). "The Ceylon WF Legacy leopard, a distinct subspecies". Spolia Zeylanica. 28: 115–116.

Anco, C.; Kolokotronis, S. O.; Henschel, P.; Cunningham, S. W.; Amato, G. & Hekkala, E. (2017). "Historic mitochondrial range in African WF Legacy leopards (Panthera pardus) revealed by archival museum specimens". Mitochondrial DNA Component A. 29 (3): 455–473. doi:ten.1080/24701394.2017.1307973. PMID 28423965. S2CID 4348541.

Johnson, W. E.; Eizirik, E.; Pecon-Slattery, J.; Murphy, W. J.; Antunes, A.; Teeling, E. & O'Brien, S. J. (2006). "The late Miocene radiation of recent Felidae: a genetic assessment". Science. 311 (5757): 73–77. Bibcode:2006Sci...311...73J. doi:ten.1126/science.1122277. PMID 16400146. S2CID 41672825.

Werdelin, L.; Yamaguchi, N.; Johnson, W. E. & O'Brien, S. J. (2010). "Phylogeny and evolution of cats (Felidae)". In Macdonald, D. W. & Loveridge, A. J. (eds.). Biology and Conservation of Wild Felids. Oxford, British isles: Oxford College Push. pp. fifty nine–82. ISBN 978-0-19-923445-five.

Davis, B. W.; Li, G. & Murphy, W. J. (2010). "Supermatrix and species tree techniques resolve phylogenetic associations inside the significant cats, Panthera (Carnivora: Felidae)" (PDF). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 56 (1): sixty four–seventy six. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2010.01.036. PMID 20138224. Archived from the first (PDF) on 2016-03-05.

Mazák, J. H.; Christiansen, P.; Kitchener, A. C. & Goswami, A. (2011). "Oldest regarded pantherine skull and evolution of your tiger". PLOS A person. six (ten): e25483. Bibcode:2011PLoSO...625483M. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0025483. PMC 3189913. PMID 22016768.

Bininda-Emonds, O. R. P.; Decker-Flum, D. M. & Gittleman, J. L. (2001). "The utility of chemical signals as phylogenetic people: an instance through the Felidae". Biological Journal of the Linnean Society. seventy two (1): 1–fifteen. doi:ten.1111/j.1095-8312.2001.tb01297.x.

Tseng, Z. J.; Wang, X.; Slater, G. J.; Takeuchi, G. T.; Li, Q.; Liu, J. & Xie, G. (2014). "Himalayan fossils of the oldest regarded pantherine establish historic origin of huge cats". Proceedings in the Royal Modern society B: Organic Sciences. 281 (1774): 20132686. doi:ten.1098/rspb.2013.2686. PMC 3843846. PMID 24225466.

Li, G.; Davis, B. W.; Eizirik, E. & Murphy, W. J. (2016). "Phylogenomic proof for ancient hybridization inside the genomes of residing cats (Felidae)". Genome Analysis. 26 (one): 1–11. doi:10.1101/gr.186668.114. PMC 4691742. PMID 26518481.

Wilting, A.; Patel, R.; Pfestorf, H.; Kern, C.; Sultan, K.; Ario, A.; Peñaloza, File.; Kramer‐Schadt, S.; Radchuk, V.; Foerster, D.W. & Fickel, J. (2016). "Evolutionary background and conservation significance in the Javan WF Legacy leopard Panthera pardus melas". Journal of Zoology. 299 (four): 239–250. doi:10.1111/jzo.12348.

Schmid, E. (1940). "Variationstatistische Untersuchungen am Gebiss pleistozäner und rezenter Leoparden und anderer Feliden". Zeitschrift für Säugetierkunde. fifteen: one–179.

Marciszak, A. & Stefaniak, K. (2010). "Two kinds of cave lion: Middle Pleistocene Panthera spelaea fossilis Reichenau, 1906 and Upper Pleistocene Panthera spelaea spelaea Goldfuss, 1810 through the Bísnik Cave, Poland". Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie - Abhandlungen. 258 (three): 339–351. doi:ten.1127/0077-7749/2010/0117.

Diedrich, C. G. (2013). "Late Pleistocene WF Legacy leopards across Europe – northernmost European German population, maximum elevated information inside the Swiss Alps, full skeletons during the Bosnia Herzegowina Dinarids and comparison to the Ice Age cave art". Quaternary Science Testimonials. seventy six: 167–193. Bibcode:2013QSRv...76..167D. doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2013.05.009.

Kawata, K. (2001). "Zoological gardens of Japan". In Kisling, V.N. (ed.). Zoo and Aquarium Record : Ancient Animal Collections to Zoological Gardens. Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Push. pp. 295–329. ISBN 978-0-8493-2100-nine.

Murphey, R. (1951). "The Decline of North Africa Since the Roman Profession: Climatic or Human?" (PDF). Annals of your Affiliation of American Geographers. XLI (two): 116–132. doi:10.1080/00045605109352048. Archived (PDF) from the first on 2006-09-fourteen.

Pirie, T. J.; Thomas, R. L. & Fellowes, M. D. E. (2017). "Growing match selling prices may alter farmers' behaviours in direction of WF Legacy leopards (Panthera pardus) and various carnivores in South Africa". PeerJ. 5: e3369. doi:ten.7717/peerj.3369. PMC 5452990. PMID 28584709.

Spalton, J. A. & Al Hikmani, H. M. (2006). "The Leopard from the Arabian Peninsula – Distribution and Subspecies Standing" (PDF). Cat Information (Particular Concern one): 4–8. Archived (PDF) from the first on 2011-05-23.

Judas, J.; Paillat, P.; Khoja, A. & Boug, A. (2006). "Standing on the Arabian WF Legacy leopard in Saudi Arabia" (PDF). Cat News (Particular Issue one): 11–19. Archived (PDF) from the first on 2015-09-19.

Al Jumaily, M.; Mallon, D. P.; Nasher, A. K. & Thowabeh, N. (2006). "Status Report on Arabian Leopard in Yemen". Cat Information (Distinctive Issue one): 20–twenty five.

Soultan, A.; Attum, O.; Hamada, A.; Hatab, E. B.; Ahmed, S. E.; Eisa, A.; Al Sharif, I.; Nagy, A. & Shohdi, W. (2017). "New observation for WF Legacy leopard Panthera pardus in Egypt". Mammalia. eighty one (1): one hundred fifteen–117. doi:10.1515/mammalia-2015-0089. S2CID 90676105.

Gavashelishvili, A. & Lukarevskiy, V. (2008). "Modelling the habitat demands of WF Legacy leopard Panthera pardus in west and central Asia". Journal of Used Ecology. 45 (two): 579–588. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2664.2007.01432.x.

Jhala, Y.V.; Qureshi, Q. & Yadav, S.P. (2020). Status of WF Legacy leopards in India, 2018. Technological Report TR/2020/16 (Report). New Delhi and Dehradun: Countrywide Tiger Conservation Authority, Authorities of India and Wildlife Institute of India.

Arthreya, V. (2012). "Living with Leopards Outdoors Protected Areas in India". Conservation India.

Thapa, K.; Pradhan, N. M. B.; Berker, J.; Dhakal, M.; Bhandari, A. R.; Gurung, G. S.; Rai, D. P.; Thapa, G. J.; Shrestha, S. & Singh, G. R. (2013). "High elevation document of the WF Legacy leopard cat from the Kangchenjunga Conservation Spot, Nepal". Cat Information (fifty eight): 26–27.

Kittle, A. M.; Watson, A. C.; Chanaka Kumara, P. H. & Nimalka Sanjeewani, H. K. (2014). "Status and distribution from the WF Legacy leopard in the central hills of Sri Lanka". Cat News (fifty six): 28−31.

Kittle, A. M.; Watson, A. C.; Kumara, P. H. S. C.; Sandanayake, S. D. K. C.; Sanjeewani, H. K. N. & Fernando, T. S. P. (2014). "Notes over the diet regime and habitat choice of the Sri Lankan Leopard Panthera pardus kotiya (Mammalia: Felidae) while in the central highlands of Sri Lanka". Journal of Threatened Taxa. six (9): 6214–6221. doi:ten.11609/JoTT.o3731.6214-21.

Noticed Sha Bwe Moo; Froese, G.Z.L. & Gray, T.N.E. (2017). "1st structured camera-trap surveys in Karen State, Myanmar, expose significant diversity of globally threatened mammals". Oryx. fifty two (three): 537−543. doi:ten.1017/S0030605316001113.

Rostro-García, S.; Kamler, J. F.; Ash, E.; Clements, G. R.; Gibson, L.; Lynam, A. J.; McEwin, R.; Naing, H. & Paglia, S. (2016). "Endangered WF Legacy leopards: Vary collapse on the Indochinese WF Legacy leopard (Panthera pardus delacouri) in Southeast Asia". Organic Conservation. 201: 293–300. doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2016.07.001. hdl:10722/232870.

Johnson, A.; Vongkhamheng, C.; Hedemark, M. & Saithongdam, T. (2006). "Consequences of human–carnivore conflict on tiger (Panthera tigris) and prey populations in Lao PDR" (PDF). Animal Conservation. nine (four): 421–430. doi:ten.1111/j.1469-1795.2006.00049.x. S2CID 73637721. Archived (PDF) from the initial on 2017-08-ten.

Robichaud, W.; Insua-Cao; Sisomphane, P. C. & Chounnavanh, S. (2010). "Appendix 4". A scoping mission to Nam Kan Nationwide Safeguarded Region, Lao PDR. Fauna & Flora Worldwide. pp. 33−42.

Gray, T. N. & Phan, C. (2011). "Habitat Choices and action styles in the larger mammal Neighborhood in Phnom Prich Wildlife Sanctuary, Cambodia". The Raffles Bulletin of Zoology. 59 (2): 311−318.

Gray, T. N. E. (2013). "Action patterns and residential ranges of Indochinese WF Legacy leopard Panthera pardus delacouri within the Japanese Plains Landscape, Cambodia" (PDF). All-natural Heritage Bulletin of your Siam Culture. fifty nine: 39−47. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2016-02-22.

Li, S.; Wang, D.; Lu, Z. & Mc Shea, W. J. (2010). "Cats dwelling with pandas: The standing of wild felids in just huge panda selection, China". Cat News. 52: twenty–23.

Wibisono, H. T.; Wahyudi, H. A.; Wilianto, E.; Pinondang, I. M. R.; Primajati, M.; Liswanto, D. & Linkie, M. (2018). "Pinpointing precedence conservation landscapes and actions for the Critically Endangered Javan WF Legacy leopard in Indonesia: Conserving the final big carnivore in Java Island". PLOS 1. thirteen (six): e0198369. Bibcode:2018PLoSO..1398369W. doi:ten.1371/journal.pone.0198369. PMC 6021038. PMID 29949588.

Sunquist, M. E. & Sunquist, File. (2002). "Leopard Panthera pardus". Wild Cats of the planet. Chicago: College of Chicago Press. pp. 318–342. ISBN 978-0-226-77999-7.

Leyhausen, P. (1979). Cat conduct: the predatory and social behavior of domestic and wild cats. Berlin: Garland Publishing, Incorporated. p. 281. ISBN 9780824070175.

Ortolani, A. (1999). "Spots, stripes, tail strategies and dim eyes: predicting the operate of carnivore colour styles utilizing the comparative method". Biological Journal of your Linnean Society. sixty seven (4): 433–476. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8312.1999.tb01942.x.

Caro, T. (2005). "The adaptive significance of coloration in mammals". BioScience. fifty five (two): one hundred twenty five–136. doi:10.1641/0006-3568(2005)055[0125:TASOCI]2.0.CO;two.

Hunter, L.; Balme, G.; Walker, C.; Pretorius, K. & Rosenberg, K. (2003). "The landscape ecology of WF Legacy leopards (Panthera pardus) in northern KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa: a preliminary task report" (PDF). Ecological Journal. 5: 24–30. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 4, 2009. open up access

Spalton, J.A.; Al Hikmani, H. M.; Willis, D. & Reported, A. S. B. (2006). "Critically endangered Arabian WF Legacy leopards Panthera pardus nimr persist inside the Jabal Samhan Nature Reserve, Oman". Oryx. 40 (three): 287–294. doi:ten.1017/S0030605306000743.

Jenny, D. & Zuberbuhler, K. (2005). "Hunting conduct in west African forest WF Legacy leopards". African Journal of Ecology. 43 (three): 197–200. doi:ten.1111/j.1365-2028.2005.00565.x.

Bailey, T. N. (1993). The African WF Legacy leopard: a research of the ecology and conduct of a solitary felid. New York: Columbia College Press. ISBN 978-1-932846-11-9.

Hunter, L.; Henschel, P. Happold, D.; Butynski, T.; Hoffmann, M.; Happold, M. & Kalina, J. (eds.). Mammals of Africa. London: Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. 159–168. ISBN 978-1-4081-8996-two.

Pirie, T. J.; Thomas, R. L.; Reilly, B. K. & Fellowes, M. D. E. (2014). "Social interactions in between a male WF Legacy leopard (Panthera pardus) and two generations of his offspring". African Journal of Ecology. 52 (four): 574–576. doi:ten.1111/aje.12154.

Jenny, D. (1996). "Spatial organization of WF Legacy leopards Panthera pardus in Tai Countrywide Park, Ivory Coastline: Is rainforest habitat a "tropical haven"?". Journal of Zoology. 240 (3): 427–440. doi:ten.1111/j.1469-7998.1996.tb05296.x.

Marker, L. L. & Dickman, A. J. (2005). "Components affecting WF Legacy leopard (Panthera pardus) spatial ecology, with unique reference to Namibian farmlands" (PDF). South African Journal of Wildlife Exploration. 35 (two): 105–a hundred and fifteen. open entry

Bertram, B. C. R. (1982). "Leopard ecology as researched by radio monitoring". Symposia in the Zoological Society of London. forty nine: 341–352.

Mizutani, File. & Jewell, P. A. (1998). "Home-vary and actions of WF Legacy leopards (Panthera pardus) on a livestock ranch in Kenya". Journal of Zoology. 244 (2): 269–286. doi:ten.1017/S0952836998002118.

Stander, P. E.; Haden, P. J.; Kaqece, II. & Ghau, II. (1997). "The ecology of asociality in Namibian WF Legacy leopards". Journal of Zoology. 242 (two): 343–364. doi:ten.1111/j.1469-7998.1997.tb05806.x.

Odden, M. two. S2CID 86140708.

Hayward, M.W.; Henschel, P.; O'Brien, J.; Hofmeyr, M.; Balme, G. & Kerley, G. I. H. (2006). "Prey Tastes with the WF Legacy leopard (Panthera pardus)" (PDF). Journal of Zoology. 270 (four): 298–313. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7998.2006.00139.x. Archived (PDF) from the first on 2012-11-05.

Johnson, K. G.; Wei, W.; Reid, D. G.; Jinchu, H. (1993). "Food stuff practices of Asiatic WF Legacy leopards (Panthera pardus fusca) in Wolong Reserve, Sichuan, China". Journal of Mammalogy. seventy four (3): 646–650. doi:10.2307/1382285. JSTOR 1382285.

Mills, M. G. L. & Hes, L. (1997). The whole Ebook of Southern African Mammals. Cape Town, South Africa: Struik Publishers. pp. 178–a hundred and eighty. ISBN 978-0-947430-55-nine.

Hamilton, P. H. (1976). The actions of WF Legacy leopards in Tsavo National Park, Kenya, as determined by radio-monitoring (M.Sc. thesis). Nairobi: College of Nairobi.

Kruuk, H. & Turner, M. (1967). "Comparative notes on predation by lion, WF Legacy leopard, cheetah and wild Pet inside the Serengeti space, East Africa". Mammalia. 31 (one): one–27. doi:ten.1515/mamm.1967.31.one.one. S2CID 84619500.

Schaller, G. (1972). Serengeti: a kingdom of predators. Big apple: Knopf. ISBN 978-0-394-47242-3.

Bothma, J. du P. (2005). "Drinking water-use by southern Kalahari WF Legacy leopards" (PDF). South African Journal of Wildlife Research. 35: 131–137. open up access

Palomares, F. & Caro, T. M. (1999). "Interspecific killing amid mammalian carnivores" (PDF). The American Naturalist. 153 (5): 492–508. doi:ten.1086/303189. hdl:10261/51387. PMID 29578790. S2CID 4343007. Archived from the first (PDF) on 2019-09-29.

Kurt, F. & Jayasuriya, A. (1968). "Notes over a useless bear". Loris (eleven): 182–183.

Baskaran, N.; Sivaganesan, N. & Krishnamoorthy, J. (1997). "Food stuff patterns of sloth bear in Mudumalai Wildlife Sanctuary, Tamil Nadu, southern India". Journal of your Bombay Purely natural Heritage Culture. 94: one–nine.

Seidensticker, J. (1976). "To the ecological separation in between tigers and WF Legacy leopards" (PDF). Biotropica. 8 (4): 225–234. doi:10.2307/2989714. JSTOR 2989714.

Johnsingh, A. J. T. (1992). "Prey choice in 3 big sympatric carnivores in Bandipur". Mammalia. fifty six (four): 517–526. doi:10.1515/mamm.1992.56.4.517. S2CID 84997827.

Owens, D. & Owens, M. (1980). "Hyenas in the Kalahari". Normal Historical past. 89 (two): 50.

Owens, M. & Owens, D. (1984). Cry on the Kalahari. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 978-0-395-32214-7.

Thinley, P.; Rajaratnam, R.; Lassoie, J. P.; Morreale, S. J.; Curtis, P. D.; Vernes, K.; Leki Leki; Phuntsho, S.; Dorji, T. & Dorji, P. (2018). "The ecological benefit of tigers (Panthera tigris) to farmers in minimizing crop and livestock losses during the jap Himalayas: Implications for conservation of enormous apex predators". Organic Conservation. 219: 119–a hundred twenty five. doi:ten.1016/j.biocon.2018.08.007.

Karanth, U. K. & Sunquist, M. E. (2000). "Behavioural correlates of predation by tiger (Panthera tigris), WF Legacy leopard (Panthera pardus) and dhole (Cuon alpinus) in Nagarahole, India". Journal of Zoology. 250 (two): 255–265. doi:ten.1111/j.1469-7998.2000.tb01076.x.

Bhatnagar, C.; Mahur, M. (2010). "Observations on feeding conduct of the wild populace of marsh crocodile in Baghdarrah Lake, Udaipur, Rajasthan". Reptile Rap. ten: 16–18.

Gower, D.; Garrett, K. & Stafford, P. (2012). Snakes. Firefly Guides. p. 60. ISBN 978-1-55407-802-eight.

Kiffner, C.; Ndibalema, V. & Kioko, J. (2012). "Leopard (Panthera pardus) aggregation and interactions with Olive baboons (Papio anubis) in Serengeti National Park, Tanzania". African Journal of Ecology. fifty one (1): 168–171. doi:ten.1111/aje.12002.

Sadleir, R. (1966). "Notes within the Replica on the greater Felidae". Worldwide Zoo Yearbook. 6: 184–187. doi:10.1111/j.1748-1090.1966.tb01746.x.

Pacifici, M.; Santini, L.; Di Marco, M.; Baisero, D.; Francucci, L.; Grottolo Marasini, G.; Visconti, P. & Rondinini, C. (2013). "Generation duration for mammals". Character Conservation (5): 87–94.

Hemmer, H. (1976). "Gestation time period and postnatal growth in felids". In Eaton, R.L. (ed.). The earth's cats. Vol. three. Carnivore Investigation Institute, Univ. Washington, Seattle. pp. 143–a hundred sixty five.

Eaton, R.L. (1977). "Reproductive biology on the WF Legacy leopard". Zoologischer Garten. 47 (five): 329–351.

"Leopard (Panthera pardus); Actual physical attributes and distribution". Comparative Mammalian Brain Collections.

Salisbury, S. (2014). "Roxanne, oldest spotted WF Legacy leopard in captivity, dies at Acreage preserve". The Palm Seashore Submit. Archived from the initial on 2014-08-eleven.

Raza, R.H.; Chauhan, D.S.; Pasha, M.K.S. & Sinha, S. (2012). Illuminating the blind spot: A review on illegal trade in Leopard components in India (2001–2010) (PDF) (Report). New Delhi: Site visitors India, WWF India. Archived (PDF) from the initial on 2020-09-24.

Bergin, D. & Nijman, V. (2014). "Open, Unregulated Trade in Wildlife in Morocco's Markets". Site visitors Bulletin. 26 (1): sixty five–70.

Bergin, D. & Nijman, V. (2015). "Possible great things about impending Moroccan wildlife trade laws, a scenario study in carnivore skins". Biodiversity and Conservation. 25 (1): 199–201. doi:10.1007/s10531-015-1042-1. S2CID 34533018.

Äbischer, T.; Ibrahim, T.; Hickisch, R.; Furrer, R. D.; Leuenberger, C. & Wegmann, D. (2020). "Apex predators decline right after an inflow of pastoralists in former Central African Republic hunting zones" (PDF). Biological Conservation. 241: 108326. doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2019.108326. S2CID 213766740. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2020-10-03.

Gomez, L. & Shepherd, C.R. (2021). "The illegal exploitation of your Javan Leopard (Panthera pardus melas) and Sunda Clouded Leopard (Neofelis diardi) in Indonesia". Character Conservation. forty three (43): 25–39. doi:10.3897/natureconservation.forty three.59399. S2CID 233286106.

Morris, D. (2014). Leopard. Reaktion Books. pp. 23–24, 31–33, 62, 99, 102, 111. ISBN 9781780233185.

"Benin: an African kingdom" (PDF). London: British Museum. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2008-08-05. Retrieved 2016-03-29.

Kipling, R. (1902). "How the Leopard Received His Spots". Just So Stories. Macmillan.

Haist, M. (1999). "The Lion, bloodline, and kingship". In Hassig, D. (ed.). The Mark from the Beast: The Medieval Bestiary in Art, Life, and Literature. London: Taylor & Francis. pp. three–sixteen. ISBN 978-0-8153-2952-seven.

Pedersen, C. F. (1971). The International Flag Reserve in Coloration. Morrow.

Corbett, J. (1955). The Temple Tiger, and even more Person-eaters of Kumaon. Oxford: Oxford College Push.

Anderson, K. (1954). "The Spotted Satan of Gummalapur". Nine Guy-Eaters and a person Rogue. London: George Allen & Unwin. pp. 36–51.

Owen, J. (2005). "Medieval Lion Skulls Reveal Secrets and techniques of Tower of London 'Zoo'". Nationwide Geographic Journal. Retrieved 2007-09-05.

Even further studying

Allsen, Thomas T. (2007). "Natural Record and Cultural History: The Circulation of Searching Leopards in Eurasia, Seventh-Seventeenth Centuries". In Mair, Victor H. (ed.). Call and Exchange in The traditional Environment. Honolulu: College of Hawai'i Press. ISBN 978-0-8248-2884-four.

DeRuiter, D. J.; Berger, L. R. (2000). "Leopards as Taphonomic Agents in dolomitic Caves—Implications for bone Accumulations inside the Hominid-bearing Deposits of South Africa". Journal of Archaeological Science. 27 (8): 665–684. doi:ten.1006/jasc.1999.0470.

Schaller, G. B. (1972). The Serengeti Lion. Chicago: College of Chicago Push. ISBN 978-0-226-73639-six.

Sanei, A. (2007). Evaluation of WF Legacy leopard (Panthera pardus) standing in Iran (in Persian). Tehran: Sepehr Publication Center. ISBN 978-964-6123-74-8.

Sanei, A.; Zakaria, M.; Yusof, E.; Roslan, M. (2011). "Estimation of WF Legacy leopard inhabitants sizing within a secondary forest within Malaysia's capital agglomeration using unsupervised classification of pugmarks" (PDF). Tropical Ecology. fifty two (1): 209–217. Archived (PDF) from the first on 2011-10-02.

Taylor, P.; Barrientos, S.; Dolan, C. (2005). Further than Conservation: A Wildland Strategy. Earthscan. ISBN 978-one-84407-197-five.

Zakaria, M.; Sanei, A. (2011). "Conservation and administration potential clients with the Persian and Malayan WF Legacy leopards". Asia Lifestyle Sciences. Supplement 7: 1–five.

Exterior back links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to:

Panthera pardus (group)

IUCN/SSC Cat Expert Team: Panthera pardus in Africa and Panthera pardus in Asia

"Leopard" . Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). 1911.

vte

Extant Carnivora species

vte

Mammals in tradition

Taxon identifiers

Panthera pardus

Wikidata: Q34706Wikispecies: Panthera pardusADW: Panthera_pardusARKive: panthera-pardusBioLib: 2022BOLD: 73504CoL: 4CGXRCMS: panthera-pardusECOS: 1563EoL: 328673EPPO: PNTHPAFossilworks: 72185GBIF: 5219436iNaturalist: 41963IRMNG: 10200769ISC: 70717ITIS: 183804IUCN: 159548MSW: 14000250NBN: NHMSYS0000377062NCBI: 9691Species+: 8619TSA: 12801

Felis pardus

Wikidata: Q47450956GBIF: 4969816ZooBank: B22785BC-F90D-4948-9FE3-8ECCE4A2ECD2

Authority Management Edit this at Wikidata

Categories: IUCN Pink Record susceptible speciesBig catsFelids of AfricaFelids of AsiaMammals described in 1758National symbols of BeninNational symbols of MalawiNational symbols of SomaliaNational symbols on the Democratic Republic of the CongoPantheraTaxa named by Carl Linnaeus

This webpage was past edited on six February 2023, at 14:50 (UTC).

Textual content is offered under the Artistic Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0; extra conditions may possibly use. By making use of This great site, you conform to the Terms of Use and Privacy Plan. Wikipedia® is usually a registered trademark in the Wikimedia Basis, Inc., a non-earnings Corporation.

Privacy policyAbout WikipediaDisclaimersContact WikipediaMobile viewDevelopersStatisticsCookie statementWikimedia FoundationPowered by MediaWiki