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20 july 1944 young german colonel klaus schenck von stauffenberg, wounded veteran of the tunisian campaign of world war ii, [nice-girls.ru] attended hitler's morning briefing at rastenberg's headquarters in east prussia, while in the briefcase here there was a time bomb. He left the case under the heavy oak table, hitler was standing behind it, and found an excuse to leave. A few hours later, the bomb exploded - however, not before another officer, finding it on his personal way, kicked the case further under the table. In the end, the explosion killed four of those present, but hitler was protected by a heavy table. He came out alive and vindictive. Stauffenberg was executed in technical conditions overnight in berlin. In the following weeks, several thousand suspects were arrested and about 200 people were executed. The assassination attempt coincided with a sudden crisis in german military operations. Until the final of july, the front in normandy was held, however, at a cheaper price. Again, the germans tried to repel the british attempt to capture the french city of caen as much as possible. Their labors distracted german troops and tanks from other sections of the front, which made it possible for american commanders to plan a breakthrough through the german line. After two to three weeks of training and overwhelming air support, on july 25, american general omar bradley launched operation cobra. For the first time, western armed forces were able to develop real mobility. The line was broken, and bradley, supported by the well-known belligerence of general george patton, drove the german army back to paris in a few weeks. On august 25, paris was liberated, partly by the approaching armies, and some by the french resistance, which staged the last uprising against the german occupation. The second landing to the south of france began on august 15, and within a couple of weeks the enemy was cleared of the rest of france, which meant that the allies were standing on the borders of nazi germany. The chances were growing for the western allies that nazi germany might have been defeated before the winter era. But general montgomery's airborne attack on the dutch city of arnhem from the inside of september (to offer the opportunity to cross the rhine river) was repulsed with a hematopoietic system. German resistance intensified in the direct defense of their native territory. In the east, the ussr troops reached the border with germany on august 17. Finland filed a lawsuit against the relationship between people on september 2, and over the next month the baltic states were occupied and again introduced into the ussr bloc. Further south, the red army made rapid progress after the destruction of the german army group center. Romania was occupied by autumn and went over to the side of the allies. Bulgaria was next occupied, and at the end of october, part of slovakia also found itself under the control of the ussr. The red army stood on the borders of hungary and yugoslavia. The dramatic collapse of the axis resistance was in its way due to popular resistance as well as in the west, even in those parts. In yugoslavia, a large communist army under the leadership of joseph tito played a primary role in the liberation of yugoslav territory. In italy, the partisans pursued the retreating germans and prepared for the novelties of the post-war order. In some circumstances, the resistance was clearly anti-soviet. In ukraine, the guerrilla war waged by the nationalists shackled thousands of soviet soldiers and the nerves of the absence of risks in 1944-1945 and slowed down the advance to the west. In poland, the home army hoped to liberate our country before the forces of the ussr had time to build a communist state. On august 1, when the red army was standing on the next bank of the vistula, polish nationalist forces in warsaw rebelled against the german occupiers. The result was a brutal response from the relatives of the fighting german troops, who destroyed a serious part of the food that was left of the city bustle. The red army remained if it turned out to be, and would never capture warsaw until the start of the renewed campaign in january 1945. In the pacific, the allies made rapid progress. After the capture of saipan, american troops retook guam and opened the entire western pacific ocean to allied troops. The japanese were again looking for a decisive major battle as the key to saving what was left of their new empire. However, the american decision to reoccupy the philippines exposed the japanese air force to a serious attack. When the japanese own fleet was deployed to counter the american landing on the philippine island of leyte, the forces lacked adequate air cover. This collision became the largest naval battle, where 282 ships participated as often as possible. At the end of october, three separate japanese task forces were deployed to try to repel the invasion. The result was a decisive victory for the united states. The navy, as japan lost 26 front-line warships. The invasion force landed on leyte and cleared the island by the end of the year. Japan's defeat was now just a simple matter of time. It was not difficult to note everything in hitler's germany, which was surrounded by comprehensively well-armed enemies and was subjected to constant bombing from the air. However, hitler still hoped for success. Since june, a new "revenge weapon" has been launched against london - a v-1 flying bomb and a v-2 ballistic missile. Hitler hoped that by holding or destroying ports to the west, in one bottle with the resumption of the submarine campaign with the help of the latest models of submarines, nazi germany would deprive european and british forces of replenishment and supplies. In december 1944, hitler ordered the german army and air force to use their meager horizons for a bold counteroffensive in western europe against american troops. The goal was to divide the western allies, seize the port of antwerp and force them to reconsider their own strategy. His command preferred a more limited offensive, but on december 16, hitler launched operation autumn fog. In undesirable weather, which protected the tank armies from air attacks, the germans quickly advanced and formed a 50-mile-deep bulge in the ardennes. The allies regrouped and counterattacked during the well-known battle of the bulge. American resistance at st. Vitus and bastogne, belgium, delayed the german advance, and heavy counter-attacks drove german troops back to the german border. 8 on january, hitler pulled his battered army back. The loss of 600 tanks and 1,600 aircraft marked the defeat of the offensive in the ardennes. Nazi germany is now facing the grim finale of the european war that hitler unleashed 6 years ago. You can see on the next page a detailed timeline of world war ii incidents, including the mass killings at the auschwitz-birkenau camp at the very beginning of july 1944. Chronology of the second world war: july 3, 1944 - july 12, 1944 In july 1944, the allied forces achieved successes throughout south and east asia. The chronology of the second world war below briefly describes this as well as the popular events of the beginning of july 1944. Chronology of the second world war: july 3-july 12july 3: the red army liberates minsk, the site of one of the largest jewish ghettos of military hours and minutes and the center of the ussr resistance movement.. After almost three months, the battle of imphal and kohima in northeast india is beginning to end. The japanese suffered almost 55,000 casualties, even more than 30,000 dead, in the buckwheat campaign against the allies. 6 july: german field marshal gerd von rundstedt, one of hitler's top military officers, is replaced as soon as he painted a pessimistic picture of nazi germany's chances of success on the western front. Since the battle of saipan was indeed lost by the allies, lieutenant general saito yoshitsugu and vice admiral nagumo chuichi commit suicide to avoid the disgrace of surrender. 8 july: admiral miklos horthy, hungarian regent, orders an end to the deportation of hungarian jews to auschwitz-birkenau. His order will come too late for more than 400,000 men, beautiful ladies like children. 9 july: american band leader glenn miller gives one of the world's concerts for military personnel in the european theater of operations.. In america, declares the island of saipan protected as soon as approximately three thousand japanese servicemen died in a suicide attack against a large contingent of american soldiers in july 7. 11 july: substantial sums of ladies and boys are being evacuated from london as the terrifying and destructive german v bombs continue to fall. Washington officially recognizes the free french government of general charles de gaulle. 12 july: the nazis devastate it is also called the begovel jewish "family camp" in auschwitz-birkenau, sending 4,000 people to the gas chambers. World war ii headlinesthe following are general reasons and photos of news during the second world war in 1944, including the torture and murder of poet hannah senesh for trying to help save hungarian jews. Red superior army on the eastern front in operation bagration: approximately five:00 am on june 22, 1944 during operation bagration, approximately three million soviet soldiers waited - in the eastern direction and south of belarus - while the red army fired from many guns for a few hours. The main blow (to the figure) of this offensive of the ussr began the next day. The german army, numbering less than a million soldiers, had no way to match the recommendations and their firepower. At the end of july, the red army reached the outskirts of warsaw. In a little more than a month, the german army lost about 350,000 men, even 31 generals. Housing for british veterans of the second world war: during the second world war, winston churchill announced a temporary real estate program at the rates of which prefabricated houses will be built for returning veterans, their families and other civilians. Composite structures were made of alloys based on steel, wood, aluminum or sandwiches made of corrugated asbestos cement panels filled with wood-wool insulation. The cost of prefabricated houses, most of which were founded by prisoners of war, was about 1300 pounds sterling by eye. Despite modesty, the houses effectively used the space and provided any family with high-quality luxury accessories like a stove, refrigerator and boiler. Poet hanna senesz tries to help hungarian jews: in 1944, the poet hannah senesh parachuted into yugoslavia to allow the rescue of hungarian jews to be organized. Senesh was born in hungary, emigrated to palestine. Senesh enlisted in the british army in 1943 and was trained in egypt. Soon after she was thrown into yugoslavia, she was captured by the germans and tortured. The porn bunny did not give out any data and was executed in november 1944. In the near future, from may to july, german troops deported more than 430,000 hungarian jews to auschwitz, where more than 75 were killed in the end. Lieutenant general of the british army william slim shines in southeast asia: the intellectual, courageous and utilitarian william slim was a lieutenant in the british army during the first world battle and a brigadier by 1939. After serving in east africa, iraq and syria, slim was promoted to lieutenant general in the early spring of 1942. He commanded burcorps during the 900-mile retreat from rangoon to india. In october 1943, slim headed the newly created british-indian 14th army, which in 1944 he brilliantly led, repelling the attacks of the japanese, it was at imphal kohima (march-july). Japanese losses amounted to more than fifty 000 people. During operation capital, uncle bill used air supply, guerrilla tactics and clever tricks and recaptured rangoon at the dawn of may 1945. Slim was arguably the best british commander in the army. French citizens punish collaborators: in france, public humiliation and more severe punishments befell people who, as many claimed, collaborated with the nazis or the vichy regime. Some frenchmen who volunteered as officers in the wehrmacht or waffen-ss were executed as traitors. Ordinary soldiers who defected to the enemy were sent to prison or allowed to serve in the french foreign legion. Medical care for american soldiers: to call a doctor for american soldiers at all times there was an excellent one that was best in thematic hospitals and rehabilitation centers that were created during the advance of the allies deep into europe. Here, recovering gi buddies bill fernandez (left) and mike murphy enjoy a softball game abroad in rome in the summer of 1944. Both were wounded during the spring assault on monte cassino. The photo seems carefree, but both men decided that soon they would return to their own component and once again begin to fight. You can see on the next page a detailed chronological sequence of world war ii incidents after july 1944, including the worst disaster on the south american front. Chronology of the second world war: july 14, 1944 - july 23, 1944 Allied victories in the land of the rising sun forced japan's top military leader tojo hideki to resign in july 1944. See the chronology of the second world war below for more information about the most notable events that occurred in the month of july 1944. Chronology of the second world war: july 14 - july 23july 14: in france, the celebration of bastille day is accompanied by public humiliation of french citizens who collaborated with the nazis. 17 july: german troops are ordered to stand firm while the red army invades the polish republic. German general erwin rommel is seriously injured in normandy when a royal air force plane fires at his car, fracturing his skull. The port of chicago, california, is experiencing the worst disaster on a conventional front in a full war, when 320 people are killed in a powerful explosion involving two ships loaded with ammunition. Napalm, an incendiary weapon that would become infamous during army service in vietnam, is being used for the first time by america in a battle when allied planes attack german proposals in the world near saint-lo. July 18: a discouraging, bloody battle at the hedges ends with the us capture of the french city of saint-lo.. After a series of military defeats, the last of which was the fall of saipan, tojo hideki, the political and military leader of japan, was forced to resign. 20 july: hitler survives an assassination attempt by a member of his own inner circle, colonel klaus von stauffenberg. In retaliation, stauffenberg and other high-ranking soldiers and officials will be executed. 21 july: units of the marine corps and the us army retake the island of guam. Originally ceded to the united states by spain in 1898, guam was captured by the japanese in 1941. 23 july: a red cross visit to the nazi theresienstadt labor camp entails a favorable report thanks to an improvement program and an austerely supervised excursion. Deportations to auschwitz-birkenau will resume shortly after the red cross visit. Headlines about the second world warfind out more information about the individual who tried to kill hitler in the headlines about world war ii from the finish of july 1944 below. The explosion in port chicago: in many:18 p.M. On july 17, 1944, an explosion rocked the port chicago naval magazine in concord, california. Black marine workers, not trained in handling ammunition, recently finished loading more than four thousand tons of explosives onto the merchant ship e. A. Bryan. In the end, the explosion killed 320 residents, and approximately 400 were injured. 3 weeks after the explosion, 258 african americans refused to return to work, protesting against the dangerous companies and the segregation policy of the navy. Two hundred and eight passengers were dismissed for bad behavior, and 50 were found guilty of mutiny and sentenced to prison. These 50 received a pardon in 1946. Allied bombers clear saint-lo: outside the beaches of normandy, allied tanks and infantry had to overcome narrow doors and natural hedges (tangled earthen mounds of a century ago that divided the countryside into miniature fields). Every well-defended road and field was a deadly trap, and the german fortifications at the crossroads of the routes in the town of saint-lo, france, blocked the access to more open terrain. After hundreds of airstrikes on st. Lo, inflicted by american and british bombers, american troops made their way to the almost completely destroyed place in july 18. Potential killer of hitler: at home and acquaintances of klaus schenck von stauffenberg there were many tourists who resisted nazism rule. Stauffenberg chose a military career, but operation barbarossa and the group killings at auschwitz convinced him that hitler needed to be stopped. After two or three unsuccessful assassination attempts, colonel stauffenberg planted a briefcase with explosives under a desk in hitler's conference room on july 20, 1944, and then left under a plausible pretext. Convinced that hitler had died during the explosion, stauffenberg flew to berlin to secure a military coup against the nazi leaders. But hitler was alive, and on the nights of july 20, stauffenberg was shot. The fuhrer vows to avenge the assassination attempt: after the failed assassination attempt, hitler's wounds were not severe, although four people were killed and the second wounded. Historians suggest how one of the poker players moved the briefcase after stauffenberg left and which massive wooden table leg protected hitler from the explosion. Enraged, the fuhrer ordered his gestapo to arrest the current suspects, various old enemies and parents. Hitler ordered the arrest of about 5,000 people, many to be tortured and about 200 to be executed. On the next page you will see a detailed timeline of the events of the second world war in july and august 1944, including information about the adventures of hitler's conspirators. Opposition communities in nazi germanyafter coming to power, the nazis met with certain persistent levels of opposition within nazi germany. This opposition grew into a force of resistance in 1938 and, as a result, turned into a sophisticated conspiracy. One of these resistance groups was "weiss rose" ("white rose"), an organization of students of the university of munich. It was discovered and defeated in 1943, when about 80 citizens were arrested and three of its leaders, christoph probst and hans and sophie scholl, were executed. Although army officers made two attempts on hitler's life in 1943, the most significant attack took place on july 20, 1944. This morning, colonel klaus schenck von stauffenberg hid a powerful time bomb in the conference room of the fuhrer's headquarters in rastenburg, east prussia. This conspiracy involved many high-ranking wehrmacht officers, diplomats and former political leaders who planned not only the death of hitler, but also the overthrow of the nazi government. Although the bomb exploded with devastating effect, killing four and injuring many, hitler escaped serious injury. Hitler's fury and the retaliation subsequently inflicted by the gestapo on the conspirators, their accomplices and other bonuses were ferocious. The key conspirators were tortured and then brutally executed in berlin's plotzensee prison. About 200 people were executed directly as a result of a bomb explosion in july 1944, just as numerous hundreds were sent to concentration camps. The failure of the july plot effectively ended any remaining resistance to hitler and strengthened the authority of the ss in nazi germany. Chronology of the second world war: july 24, 1944 - august 2, 1944 In july and august 1944, fierce fighting took place in the pacific theater of operations. The chronology of the second world war below summarizes the significant incidents that occurred in july and august 1944. Chronology of world war ii: july-august 1944 july 24: the red army liberates the majdanek death concentration camp near lublin, poland. For most of the world, this is the 1st pay attention to the horror of the nazi "final idea for jews. The nazis introduce their characteristic greeting "heil hitler" into the german military protocol. 26 july: president roosevelt confronts admiral nimitz and general macarthur in honolulu. They decide that the next course of manipulation in the pacific theater of operations will be the invasion of the philippines. 29 july: nazi germany's messerschmitt 163 fighter jet becomes the first jet aircraft to participate in combat. 30 july: major general mizukami genzu commits hara-kiri, a form of ritual suicide, after the loss of myitkyina, burma, by the allied forces of general joseph stilwell. 31 july: hitler promotes a policy of total war, which calls on german troops and civilians to destroy many people - on a personal path when retreating. Heavy fighting is unfolding between the troops of germany and developed socialism as the red army approaches the capital of poland, warsaw. August: only a few days ago, about 67,000 jews from the polish lodz ghetto will die in auschwitz-birkenau. 1 august: with the emergence of the red army on the outskirts of warsaw, the activity of the polish resistance is gaining popularity. Us general george patton is leading a personal army to attack in order to attract the french province of brittany. Japanese resistance ends on the island of tinian. 2 august: the kriegsmarine attacks allied ships in the english channel with manned torpedoes guided by divers. Headlines about the second world warbelow you will find: a thorough description of the nazi leaders who conspired against hitler, and other popular headlines of those years. Adolf hitler's health is deteriorating: hitler visited his military historian walter scherff, who was wounded during the july explosion of the conspiracy. Before the assassination attempt, the thoughtful hitler isolated himself in the personal prussian headquarters of the wolfschanze (wolf's lair). Having been attacked even there, the fuhrer fell into mental confusion, misanthropy and hopes, however, to win the war. Although he was only slightly injured by the explosion, hitler's physical health was also deteriorating. Some historians suspect that such a bike had syphilis, at the same hour as others refer to bp. There is an opinion that hitler's doctor aggravated the dictator's decline with the help of prescription amphetamines, opiates and dangerous "quack" drugs." The fate of the anti-nazi conspirators: some german leaders realized early on that hitler would destroy their country, but many assassination plans either failed or remained. The july plot was a desperate attempt that led to the destruction of the german resistance. General erich hepner (above), an early opponent of hitler, was arrested and tortured by the gestapo, and then executed by hanging. Colonel-general franz halder (above), who was not involved in the july plot, was arrested if letters and diaries were found during searches indicating his influence on earlier plots. Halder was sent to a concentration camp, but survived the war. Field marshal erwin von witzleben (above) was supposed to take command of the wehrmacht after the coup, but was caught and hanged on a piano wire. The horrors of the nazi concentration camps are revealed: as the allies advanced on nazi germany from asia and europe, they conquered the nazi concentration camps and death camps, where most of the 6 million victims of the holocaust died. The soviets were the first of the allies to discover any of these scenes of horror when, on july 23, 1944, such a service went to the majdanek death concentration camp near lublin, poland. Here russian soldiers and polish civilians were amazed by the actions and smells of death. About 360,000 prisoners, usually jews, died in majdanek from gas, hanging, starvation, disease or overwork. The red army found only 500 remaining mobile prisoners in the camp. Marines are lost before the resistance on the island of guam: the united states seized the island in july 1944 to donate additional airfields for bombing japan. With only 15 miles of potential landing beaches on the west coast of guam, the japanese garrison of 18 five hundred people knew where to concentrate their defenses and gave the attacking marines a warm welcome. The third marine division landed on beaches engulfed by fire from enemy-held heights. To the right of which the first temporary marine brigade encountered the easiest terrain. And he, too, faced fierce resistance, even with an enemy firing position, which took out of the functionality of three dozen amtracs of the marine corps. Fierce battles on guam between marines and japanese troops: marine engineers blow up a number of japanese dugouts during the fighting on guam. The fierce resistance of the japanese to the landing included a series of well-executed counterattacks, whose task is to push the americans back into the universe. In the locality of the third marine division, the competition for the hills behind the beaches for landing lasted only a couple of days. The terrain contained 100-foot chasms, "with which it would be difficult for a trained climber with a fishing line and spikes to get up," said one marine. The betrayal of anne frank along with her family, the mass suicide in the japanese city of saipan and the warsaw uprising are just some of the events described in the chronology of the events of the second world war at the end of the summer of 1944 on the next page. People as fertilizer in the majdanek death concentration camp[t]there was a gentle plain on which acres and acres of cabbage grew. They were big juicy cabbage heads covered with a layer of white dust. As i heard, a number of tourists explained: "a layer of manure, then a layer of ash, that's how it was... Ss men usually carried a serious part of the ash to their own model farm, located at a considerable distance. A well-managed farm; the ss liked to eat this overgrown cabbage, and the prisoners also ate this cabbage, however, and decided that all other measures would almost certainly be modified into cabbages themselves...." -- War correspondent alexander werth, describing the ashes of gassed and cremated prisoners at the majdanek death concentration camp in poland, july 1944 Chronology of the second world war: august 2 , 1944 - august 15, 1944 When a lot of france was secured, after a few weeks of 1944, the allies turned their priority to the states of the whole world. The chronology of the second world war below summarizes the significant incidents that occurred by the autumn of 1944. Chronology of the second world war: august 2-august 15 august 2: despite relentless pressure from the allies, turkey refuses to join the battle against nazi germany. 4 august: after years of hiding in an amsterdam attic, the author of the diaries, anne frank, along with her family, are extradited to the german police. The germans are retreating from florence, the center of the italian renaissance. Although the germans destroyed most of the bridges over the arno river, which divides the city in half, they spared the ponte vecchio, which dates back to the 14th century. 9 august: after all, a significant part of france is spread out under the reliable control of the allies, general eisenhower is moving his strategic headquarters to the school house in reims.. Officials from the free french headquarters in algiers, algeria, announce the breakup of vichy france. 10 august: hitler is moving all 2,000 luftwaffe aircraft to western europe in a desire to challenge the power of the allied collective aviation. The japanese were defeated by american troops on guam, during which the united states has an additional reliable forward base on the mariana islands, from where they sometimes bomb the mainland of japan. 12 august: the allies are opening an oil pipeline from the uk to france, which greatly simplifies the catastrophic fuel shortage that has recently stalled offensive operations. He was nicknamed pluto, which will be an abbreviation of the concept of "pipeline under the ocean". 15 august: the allies are storming the coast to the south of france during operation dragoon. Audie murphy, the son of an american sharecropper, who is credited with 240 murders of germans and who will be the most decorated soldier in european history, destroys a detachment of germans who occupied the hill. Headlines about the second world war the warsaw uprising - and its results - there is a weighty of what is happening, described worse in the headlines about the second world war from 1944. " Idaho"in dry docks on guam: the battleship "idaho" is lifted from the liquid in a floating dry dock on guam. These repair platforms were based in sections at us shipyards, towed to bases, and even welded together in an apartment. The dry dock was partially flooded, so that it was easy to tow the damaged ship to a place. When the water was pumped out of the dry dock tanks, the whole structure rose, carrying its large passenger with it. The dry docks had their own power plants, storage facilities, children's rooms for officers and crew, and anti-aircraft guns. Naval gunners defend strategically important tinian: naval gunners are firing at the enemy in the process of manipulation, the software is stripping tinian. The marines landed on the island on july 25, 1944. Located, without exception, 3 miles from saipan, tinian offered three valuable airfields for bombing the japanese islands. The marines steadily advanced due to the flat terrain of tinian, which allowed optimal use of american tanks. Despite 9,000 japanese defenders, the island was taken in nine days, 10 days ahead of schedule, at the cost of approximately 300 marines killed and 1,600 wounded. Mass suicide on saipan as marines arrive: japanese civilians jumped to their deaths from cliffs at marpi point in northern saipan. Realizing that saipan was lost, two japanese commanders - lieutenant general saito yoshitsugu and vice admiral nagumo chuichi - committed ritual suicide on july 6. Organized resistance effectively ceased on the following morning, when thousands of japanese soldiers died in this massive banzai attack. The subsequent us offensive on the northern tip of the island cornered a lot of terrified japanese civilians. Convinced by their own propaganda that they would be tortured and killed by the marines, hundreds of men, ladies and toddlers jumped from the rocks to their deaths, despite the americans' attempts to dissuade them. Polish soldiers rise up against nazi forces during the warsaw uprising: on august 1, 1944, about 40,000 soldiers of the polish home army, even 4,000 women, rebelled against the german occupiers. Although the poles seized the communal services and the storage of food and ss uniforms, heinrich himmler quickly sent additional troops and began aerial bombing. Moscow refused the poles the help they expected from the red army troops directly in the bosom of nature. One polish patriot wrote: "we are waiting to receive you, red plague, so that you will deliver society from the black death." German troops suppressed the warsaw uprising: the german occupiers daily hanged polish people and shot groups of captured soldiers and civilians. In warsaw, 18,000 polish soldiers and more than 150,000 civilians were killed during the uprising that raged for 63 days. A little help came from outside. Most of the allied air supplies fell on areas held by the germans. A month later, german tank divisions and infantry broke the resistance of warsaw. The home army capitulated on october 2, 1944, but only after guarantees of compliance with the geneva conventions for both civilians and rebels. See the following section for a detailed chronology of the events of world war ii at the end of august 1944. Chronology of the second world war: august 18, 1944 - august 26, 1944 By the end of the summer of 1944, the allied forces continued to make progress in the confrontation with the nazis. The detailed chronology of the second world war, given below, summarizes the events of the end of august 1944. Chronology of the second world war: august 18 - august 26 august 18: president roosevelt announces that a man wants to send former secretary of war patrick hurley to china in an effort to arrange a partnership between nationalists and communists. 19 august: german field marshal gunther von kluge, mistakenly suspected of being involved in the assassination attempt on hitler on july 20, committed suicide. He became in the course of delivery to a private house, to berlin in 2 days as soon as he was replaced by field marshal auto as commander of the german army in western europe. 20 august: disaster befalls the nazi german army in romania, as romanians are actually looking at a new side at the same time when almost a million red army soldiers are marching on the axis satellite state. 21 august: the dumbarton oaks conference convenes in washington, dc, at the mansion of action title. During the six-week international meeting, the framework of the united nations can be agreed upon. 23 august: romanian dictator ion antonescu is detained because king michael of romania agrees to conclude a universe with recommendations. 24 august: the feeling of despair of the nazis becomes even more obvious as joseph goebbels cancels holidays, closes schools and increases the working week, any product in an effort to increase production for his needs. 25 august: the allies roll down the champs-elysees, and paris is liberated from the nazis. The ss killed more than a hundred civilians in the french city of maillet, as the germans continue the practice of committing atrocities during the retreat. 26 august: axis satellite bulgaria announces that it is withdrawing from the battle and will no longer tolerate german offensive maneuvers from its own territory. World war ii headlinesbelow are other headlines and photos describing the events of world war ii at the end of august 1944. Employees of the ford bomber design plant have little real estate in willow run: when ford motor company located its willow run bomber discharge plant in an un-gentrified area of michigan, potential employees flooded the area. The human factor of willow run will grow to one hundred thousand citizens, which will create a demand for fast housing. This complex near willow run promises "no bureaucracy" for neophyte tenants who will contribute $100. Although these latter, advanced homes"offered plumbing, heating, and other amenities, buildings such as trailers, barns, garages, retail outlets, and at least one chicken coop were also used as residential buildings. The willow run plant was extremely productive, releasing a bomber every 63 minutes. The battle for the falaise pocket: as the battle of normandy neared its end, the german seventh army and the fifth panzer army found themselves in the company of advancing british, french, canadian and american troops. The only way for the germans to retreat was the falaise pocket, an area to the north of france. This pocket was held by the polish first armored division, which fiercely fought the retreating germans. The battle for the falaise pocket raged from august 12 to august 21, 1944, eventually which thousands of german soldiers were killed and captured. A lot of german equipment was destroyed. Still, many germans fled to the seine, partly because the allies' fear of friendly fire among their converging forces prevented them from completely loosening their grip. Slaves construct nazi v-2 rockets: slave workers assemble v-2 rockets at the underground mittelwerk factory near nordhausen, germany. About 60,000 prisoners from the nearby dora concentration camp were put on an industrial line, and it is estimated that between 10,000 and twenty,000 people died from overwork in these cold, damp tunnels. Some slaves resisted by sabotaging the rockets -unscrewing screws, forging welds, urinating on wiring or leaving the necessary parts without participation. Andrew herskovitz, attracted to the functioning of the elderly 14 years, said: "the punishment for sabotage was death by hanging-of course, many things could be classified as sabotage." More than two hundred suspects were hanged, and the bodies of some remained for mass inspection for a couple of days. See the following section for an exhaustive chronology of the events of world war ii in a few weeks and september 1944. Adolf hitler's v-shaped weaponadolf hitler believed that the vergeltungswaffen of nazi germany (a weapon of retaliation; v-her would eventually force britain to seek a truce. The v-1 flying bomb was originally developed in peenemünde, however, after the bombing of the royal air force by the autumn of 1943, the program was moved to nordhausen. There, slave labor dug factories and warehouses in the depths of the harz mountains. The v-1 carried a single-ton warhead with a speed of 250 miles in time. From june 1944 to march 1945, 2,419 v-1s crashed into london, killing 6,184 people and injuring 17,981. Thousands of people died as a result of the v-1 attacks on belgium. The v-2 was a large electronically controlled supersonic ballistic missile that carried a one-ton warhead at a distance of more than two hundred miles. From september 1944 to april 1945, more than 1,100 v-2s crashed into great britain, killing 2,754 spectators and injuring 6,523. V-2s also killed 7,000 people in france, belgium, holland and the rhineland. While the v-1s remained shot down, deflected or entangled by the barrage balloons, there was no modern protection from the v-2. Moreover, any of these v-shaped guns had a powerful psychological impact on the population, which already believed that the end of the war was inevitable. The v-3, the third type of retaliation weapon, were underground cannons that fired small projectiles at thick distances. Slave labor was used to build an extensive underground firing point for such guns on the french coast. But it remained destroyed by the royal air force on july 6, 1944. The guns were moved to the southeast of trier, where american troops captured this place at the end of the winter of 26, 1945. Finally, the v-4 was a multi-stage rocket with the name rhinbote, several of them appeared during the last months of the war. The germans also made efforts to develop a multi-stage missile to defeat in the states, specifically new york, possibly with a nuclear warhead. Chronology of the second world war: august 26, 1944 - september 11, 1944 After a few weeks and september 1944, the despair of the nazis continued to grow. The detailed chronology of the second world war, given below, summarizes the holiday - at the end of august 1944. 26 august: by order of the fuhrer, german troops begin withdrawing from greece. Acting under the recently issued order on the "lynch law", local settlers in the german village of russelsheim attack and destroy the crew of a us air force plane that crashed nearby. 30 august: the red army occupies the romanian capital bucharest, as well as the valuable ploiesti oil fields. 2 september: general eisenhower is forced to order his armies to stop due to fuel shortages, which gives nazi germany the opportunity to strengthen its defenses. The soviet-finnish war ends with the cessation of hostilities. The official truce will be signed the day before last. 3 september: the british liberate the belgian capital of brussels from nazi occupation. 5 september: as a consequence of almost the fastest capitulations in the culture of modern war, bulgaria capitulates less than a day after the declaration of war by the soviet union. Bulgaria will declare war on nazi germany on the 7th. 6 september: the decline of the luftwaffe allows britain to stop the forced power outage for the first time in 3 years. 8 september: the next generation of v-weapons, the v-2, begins to fall on london. 10 september: the mayor of warsaw asks for the help of allies as the city's partisans rise up against the nazis. Heinrich himmler issues an order calling for the murder of the families of all defected german servicemen. 11 september: more than 1,200 people were killed when american troops sank two japanese prison ships containing thousands of allied prisoners. Headlines about the second world warbelow is information about president roosevelt's relationship with vice president truman and the french resistance in the listed headlines from 1944. Roosevelt-truman relationship: president franklin roosevelt chose harry truman as his presidential candidate in 1944. After his election, truman had little contact with roosevelt and was never part of the appointed entourage of the president's confidants who were developing an american strategy for ending the war, including the possible use of the atomic bomb. Roosevelt died 83 days into his fourth presidential term. Truman had to keep in mind roosevelt's advisers who helped him shape policies that would lead the world to an exciting world. Allied troops liberate paris on august 25, 1944: parisians rejoice when allied tanks drive past the arc de triomphe. On august 25, refusing to destroy the city as ordered by hitler, german general dietrich von choltitz surrendered paris to general jacques-philippe leclerc and the forces of free france. French communist resistance fighters sought to seize power, but gaullist groups took over the offer. French citizens hoped that the americans would bring food, branded items and gasoline until they touched enough during the nazi rule, but these items were also in short supply from the liberators. French resistance fighters: the french resistance included groups of students, communists, liberals, anarchists and roman catholics. A number of companies carried out the orders of the british gp (head of special operations), some followed charles de gaulle, because many had all sorts of plans, but which were anti-german. As the allies approached paris, resistance cells organized strikes by the police, as well as other city workers. They exchanged fire with foreign troops even as soon as choltitz surrendered. About 1,500 resistance members and other civilians were killed during the struggle for liberation. See the following section for a detailed chronology of the events of world war ii in september 1944, including specific information about the liberation of france. Chronology of the second world war: september 12, 1944 - september 22, 1944 The liberation of france by the allies was finally completed in september 1944. The detailed chronology of the second world war, given below, summarizes the events of september 1944. Chronology of the second world war: september 12-september 22 september 12: red army forces are bombing the central german city of frankfurt.. Romania officially capitulates to the allies. She agrees to take up arms against her former suppliers, along the axis in barter for the post-war return of transylvania to romanian rule. 12-12 september: churchill and roosevelt can meet in quebec to discuss strategy in the pacific theater of operations. They agree that a ground invasion of japan will be necessary for leadership. 15 september: almost the most difficult, barely won battles of the pacific war begin when the us marines land on the island of peleliu. The japanese will fiercely resist the american invaders for 30 days. 18 september: the united states and great britain are delivering supplies to the polish resistance in warsaw by air masses. The soviets, defending their expansionist goals, are reluctant to support any polish independence movement. The soviets also deny landing rights to american and british planes, despite the appeals of roosevelt and churchill. 19 september: women who collaborated with the nazis in the dutch city of nijmegen are shaved of the mind and publicly humiliated. Churchill is returning to the united kingdom of great britain and northern ireland on vacation, then you need to get after visiting the roosevelt house in hyde park, new york. In the course of their discussions, the two leaders agreed to completely separate the atomic studies and change the bomb as much by mutual agreement. 21 september: a general strike announced in denmark to protest the deportation of nearly 200 danes to nazi concentration camps is brutally suppressed by the germans.. Japanese planks on the island of luzon, philippines, are being subjected to intense air attacks from the position of a huge fleet of deck-based american military aircraft. 22 september: patton's third army is halted as supply lines are stretched to the limit. Read the headlines of the second world war below to see more headlines that were formed in 1944, when the allies continued their goal of defeating nazi germany. De gaulle turns back to the french capital as soon as the allies liberated the city: french general charles de gaulle returned to the french capital in triumph on august 26, 1944. Ignoring the sniper fire that sometimes scattered his fans, the adult who brought the free french out of exile in london, walked along the champs-elysees and visited the cathedral of notre dame de paris. De gaulle returned to his old private office in the war ministry and proclaimed the continuation of the third republic. Accordingly, he thwarted the creation of the allied military government in france. Liberation of france by the allies: after two or three weeks of hard fighting surrounded by ornate hedges, meadows and flooded alleys that dominated the battlefield in normandy after d-day, the allied armored vehicles finally broke out of the bridgeheads and invaded france. Allied aviation has made a substantial contribution to the modern. On july 25, us troops (led by general patton's third army) launched operation cobra, first striking west into brittany, then south and east towards paris. Simultaneously, the british second army and the canadian first army struck east, across the seine and across belgium. Another allied army landed in the south of france at the end of the summer. He promptly moved beyond the arctic circle to unite and continue the liberation of france. Enemies are still present in paris after the liberation of the allies: parisians gathered on the territory of etoile to watch the allied troops march through the arc de triomphe, had to dive, then to avoid sniper fire. The resistance forces clashed with the german occupiers for several weeks before the liberation of the french capital and the fighting inside the city was far from over. Nazi soldiers and french fascists still fired from the rooftops, interrupting celebrations and parades. French police, resistance forces and allied soldiers fought back. The city was taken under guard for a couple of days and calmed down after 7 days. Us army hangs german civilians who committed crimes: enemy civilians who committed war crimes were not spared from american military justice. On november 10, 1944, in bruchsal prison near baden, germany, the us army hanged five german non-combatants who had killed six american pilots by september 2018. The crew safely parachuted out of their damaged plane near ruesselsheim, but was stopped by the enraged population. Ironically, bruchsal prison was the nazis' favorite place for guillotining or hanging enemies of the state. Popular military cartoons by bill mauldin: "more than any of the competitors, minus only ernie pyle," stephen ambrose wrote in the introduction to the reissue of bill mauldin's book forward, "he survived the competition and adversity of gi." Mauldin joined the war as an infantryman in the 45th division and landed with their unit in sicily and italy. He began drawing cartoons for the week of the 45th calendar year, after which he transferred to stars & stripes in 1944, where his cartoons became popular both in the ranks and in the states. His characters, willie and joe, became the personification of the frustration experienced by all american soldiers. Nazi political art: for hitler and other nazi leaders, political art was a means to convey the spirit of the nazi party to those who lived in germany - at that time and in the future. "No state," hitler said, "exists longer than the documents of its culture." This painting "auf heimaturlaub" ("on vacation at home") depicts a german soldier returning home on vacation and telling exciting stories about victories on the front line. Children pay close attention to their father - especially boys who dream of the day when they will be able to fight for nazi germany. See the following section for a detailed chronology of the events of world war ii in september and october 1944, including information about the attempt of jewish prisoners to rebel against the nazi ss guards. Chronology of the second world war: september 24, 1944 - october 18, 1944 In september 1944, the allied forces were already planning post-war reconstruction, and the nazi troops were demonstrating their desperation. The detailed chronology of the second world war, given below, summarizes the events of september and october 1944. Chronology of the second world war: september 24 - october 18 september 24: the united states releases the morgenthau plan, a post-war plan that proposes a complete restructuring of the german economy on an agrarian basis. 25 september: nazi germany organizes the volkssturm, a militia that recruits men aged 60 and younger 16. 26 september: allied planes are dropping american paratroopers behind german lines in italy to establish the same resistance network that so successfully helped the allies capture france. 27 september: the british are suffering 1,200 deaths and losing about 6,600 more in german prisoner-of-war camps as they fail in their nine-day attempt to capture a bridge over the rhine in the dutch city of arnhem. 29 september: the soviets make their last combat sortie in support of the warsaw resistance. 2 october: after two months of fierce urban warfare, the germans crush polish resistance in warsaw. Up to 250,000 poles died during this struggle. The allies are breaking through to the siegfried line, a defensive line running along the western border of nazi germany. The breach is in the north, not far from aachen, and it is there that american troops will penetrate into west germany. 7 october: a group of sonderkommandos, jewish prisoners whose lives are prolonged while they help the nazis in gas chambers and crematoriums, attacks ss guards at auschwitz. Although the uprising is quickly and brutally suppressed, they kill several ss men and destroy their barracks, as well as the crematorium.. 9-18 october: churchill, stalin and u.S. Ambassador william averell harriman meet in moscow to discuss the post-war status of poland and the balkan states. Headlines about the second world warlearn about russian resistance fighters and canadian commander henry duncan graham crerar from the headlines below for 1944. Promotion of the soviets to the west: despite the disaster at stalingrad in january 1943, the germans subsequently stopped a number of soviet offensives and even retook kharkov in march. However, in july, their blitzkrieg-style attacks on the kursk bulge were effectively repulsed by the red army during the greatest tank battle of the war. Then the russians launched successful counter-offensives near orel and kharkov. These successes eventually paved the way for a devastating series of soviet offensives across the eastern front, beginning in june 1944. They included the destruction of army group center in belarus and successes in ukraine, poland, the balkans and romania. By december, the eastern front was no longer on the territory of russia. Russian partisans resist german troops: when german troops broke into russia in 1941, pockets of resistance formed in the rear of the germans. By the end of 1941, anti-german resistance fighters began to unite, creating partisan detachments. Their mission was to cut or destroy supply lines and communications between german troops and their supply bases. When in 1943 their number grew to tens of thousands, the partisans began to attack german units when the latter fled from the red army. Russians are beginning to recover: in the west of the soviet union, entire cities were destroyed during the war. But as soon as the russians regained their most important cities, they began to rebuild them. In leningrad, the city was cleared, and some museums reopened in 1944. The crimean city of sevastopol, named the "hero city" for its resistance to the invasion, had to be rebuilt stone by stone. In the same year, russia began using german prisoners as forced labor in rehabilitation work. The red ball express was created to supply allied troops: after the allied forces landed in normandy in june 1944, they found that the railways had been almost completely destroyed by their own bombers. Since transport was needed to ensure the advance of the allies in europe, the red ball express was created. During the three-month history of the "red ball", since august, more than 6,000 trucks have driven along the ring of the french highway, intended only for military use. These vehicles carried more than 500,000 tons of food, fuel and ammunition. Henry duncan graham crerar, high-ranking canadian military commander: henry duncan graham crerar, commander of the first canadian army, was an isolationist before the war, but in 1941 he led the training of canadian troops. By 1944, he was the leading canadian field commander in northwest europe, which earned him a spot on the cover of time magazine. Time reported that crerar "drove his jeep from one command post to another, stopping to read reports with the greed of a hungry wolf to give orders in his calm, precise, unyielding manner."." Drowning of allied prisoners of war on rakuyo maru: british and australian prisoners of war were rescued by the submarine uss sealion ii after the sinking of the japanese ship rakuyo maru in the china sea. Packed with 1,317 prisoners of war from singapore and not marked with a red cross or any other indication that there were prisoners on board, the rakuyo maru was torpedoed by the sialion on september 11, 1944. Japanese escort ships rescued the surviving crew members, but left most of the prisoners of war to die in the water. Ninety-two prisoners of war were picked up by american submarines, but more than a thousand others died. Go to the next page to find out even more headlines about the events of the second world war in october 1944. Chronology of the second world war: october 10, 1944 - october 20, 1944 As world war ii continues until 1944, the hungarians are trying to make peace with the allies, and intense fighting with the japanese continues. See the chronology of world war ii below for these and other events during october 1944. Chronology of the second world war: october 10-october 20 october 10: the japanese air force is further depleted as 17 american aircraft carriers launch a massive attack on japanese installations in okinawa. 13 october: stalin once again assures his allied partners that the soviets will declare war on japan, but he insists that he cannot save resources until the allies achieve the unconditional surrender of nazi germany. 14 october: german general erwin rommel, suspected of collaborating with the july 20 conspirators, swallows poison after hitler's army chief of staff told him that if he did not commit suicide, the nazis would put him on trial and his family would lose their pension. And the estate that was given to him. The official line of the party will be that rommel died from wounds received during the july attack of the red army troops. 15 october: more than 2,200 allied bombers strike industrial cities in the ruhr.. The nazis detain hungarian regent admiral horthy a few hours after he publicly requested peace terms from the allies. The leader of the hungarian nazis, major ferenc salasi, will head the government. 18 october: greek prime minister georgios papandreou returns to power four days after the last german soldier leaves the ancient capital of athens. The germans were driven out by greek partisans and allied troops. Churchill rejects the request of the spanish dictator general francisco franco to unite england and spain against communist russia. Having recovered from the losses in leyte gulf and elsewhere, the japanese launch operation sho-go (victory) in a desperate attempt to regain lost territory and defend the japanese home islands. 20 october: together with josip broz tito's national liberation army, the soviets liberate belgrade, yugoslavia, from the germans. Headlines about the second world war the liberation of another concentration camp, the entry of the allies into nazi germany and the brutal defeats of the red army are some of the topics covered in the headlines about the second world war below. The allies liberate the herzogenbusch concentration camp: jews began to be deported to herzogenbosch, a german concentration camp, in january 1943. While some were forced to work in local factories, others were temporarily held there before being sent to extermination camps in nazi germany. Eventually, the camp held more than 30,000 prisoners, including jews, political prisoners and captured resistance fighters. By the time the camp was liberated in september 1944, about 13,000 people had died there. Most of the victims' bodies were cremated in this camp, built near the dutch town of vugt. The atrocities of the red army in germany: as the russian red army invaded nazi germany from the east, officer leadership and discipline in the troops were often violated. In october 1944, units of the 11th guards army of russia rampaged in the east prussian village of nemmersdorf, nailing men to sheds, raping women and crushing the heads of babies. Russian atrocities of this kind have prompted countless german civilians to make dangerous trips to the west in the hope of being captured by relatively balanced american forces. Operation of the allied forces "market garden": allied tanks rumble over the bridge in nijimegan during operation market garden in september 1944. The brainchild of british general bernard montgomery, market garden was a bold but risky attempt to establish a foothold across the rhine in south holland. Three airborne divisions were to capture key bridges at eindhoven, nijmegan and arnhem along a 64-mile route through holland, opening the way for a lightning ground offensive by the british xxx corps. The gambit failed when the ground forces were unable to meet their four-day schedule due to the cramped terrain and unexpected german resistance. Isolated in arnhem, the british first airborne division was destroyed after 10 days of resistance. Allies join nazi germany: general dwight eisenhower's three army groups reached the german border in september 1944 with superior forces and firepower. However, they were slowed down by the acute shortage of gasoline and ammunition, as well as the decisive actions of the german troops. Many of the latter dug in along the siegfried defensive line, which, on hitler's orders, had recently been re-equipped with pillboxes, firing points, tank traps and other obstacles. To make matters worse, the american offensive came during the rainy season; daily cold rains turned the rugged terrain into mud. By early october, when us soldiers (pictured) entered nazi germany, frontline american commanders realized that the german homeland would not be occupied quickly. See the following section for a detailed chronology of the events of world war ii that took place in the pacific ocean and europe in october 1944. The life of a replacement soldier of the us armyeach warring nation faced the question of how best to integrate a replacement for the victims. The german and british armies usually sent each reinforcement to a unit formed in its home region, although this became less practical as the war intensified and casualties increased. German and british replacements received basic training, then joined a reinforcement unit, such as a regiment or company, which was to be integrated into an advanced unit.. The u.S. Army system was notoriously repulsive. Individual soldiers were allocated from the reserve depots ("repple depples") to replace the wounded, who after recovery were often sent not to their home units, but to where there was a gap. These processes promoted anonymity, neglect, and even contempt. Reinforcements in all armies faced a difficult start and died in disproportionate numbers. Their initial training was often insufficient, so they needed a last-minute briefing on the front line. Such "green" recruits endangered their more experienced compatriots, who often left them to drown or swim. If they survived their first action and showed a willingness to contribute, they were usually accepted as comrades. The need for new people increased in the second half of the war. Young reinforcements became the lifeblood of the allied armies in 1944-45. The armies of germany and the soviet union included many reinforcements from captured or "liberated" territory. Many of these people were often conscripted against their will and were therefore of dubious military value. Chronology of the second world war: october 20, 1944 - october 30, 1944 In october 1944, allied forces landed in the philippines, and the first kamikaze pilot crashed into the american destroyer denver. The detailed chronology of the second world war, given below, summarizes these and other events of october 1944. Chronology of the second world war: october 20-october 30 october 20: american troops land on leyte island in the philippines and fulfill general macarthur's promise to return to liberate the islands from the japanese. 21 october: aachen becomes the first german city to surrender to the allies as desperately weakened german troops capitulate. 23 october: philippine president sergio osmena is reinstated. 23-26 october: the japanese fleet suffers a crushing defeat as american forces dominate the battle of leyte gulf. The crowning loss of the japanese was their super-battleship "musashi", which capsized and sank, taking the lives of more than 1,000 sailors. 25 october: reichsfuhrer of the ss heinrich himmler orders the destruction of a creepy collection of jewish skulls in berlin's so-called "anatomical institute." Since italy is no longer a member of the enemy axis, italy's diplomatic ties with the allies are being restored. 28 october: the allies are penetrating deep into the territory of nazi germany on the orders of general eisenhower. U.S. Major general albert wedemeyer replaces general joseph stilwell as commander in the chinese theater of operations. This happened 10 days after stilwell was ousted at the request of nationalist leader chiang kai-shek. The soviets assume control of the bulgarian armed forces as bulgaria capitulates to russia. The german army is leaving the small adriatic country of albania. The first of the soon-to-become legendary kamikaze pilots commits suicide by crashing his plane on the deck of the american aircraft carrier denver. 30 october: the gas chambers of auschwitz are used for the last time when the last batch of jews are killed - 1,700 men, women and children from the theresienstadt work camp. World war ii headlinessee the headlines below to learn more about the events of world war ii in 1944, including the recruitment of jewish soldiers into the british army. Losses in aachen were high for both the united states and nazi germany: for seven days, the fighting went from building to building and from room to room, and enemy snipers on the roofs killed dozens of american soldiers. While american tanks struggled through the rubble-strewn streets to dislodge the defenders, german soldiers and civilians took refuge in basements and sewers. This strategically unimportant city cost each side about 5,000 casualties, but the united states won, and about 5,600 germans were captured. Jewish soldiers join the british army: in may 1939, great britain decided to restrict jewish immigration to british mandatory palestine. This policy increased tensions between the zionists (jews who fought for a jewish homeland in palestine) and britain throughout the second world war. However, faced with the terrible threat of nazi germany, thousands of palestinian jews - such as those we see here - volunteered for the british army. The jewish brigade of this army, numbering 5,000 people, was created in september 1944. The british trained jewish fighters in sabotage, subversion and guerrilla warfare - methods that, ironically, proved vital to the post-war zionist resistance to british occupation. The germans are planning the ardennes campaign: hitler studied the plans of the ardennes campaign of nazi germany with members of the staff of reichsmarschall hermann goering, the head of the french security police helmut knochen, two unknown officials and the chief of the army general staff heinz guderian. Hitler's irrational hope for an offensive in the ardennes, codenamed "watch on the rhine" ("watch on the rhine"), was to seize the belgian port of antwerp (denying the allies this vital port) and demoralize great britain and the united states, forcing them to make peace separately from the soviet union. In an ideal outcome, hitler would be free to move forces to slow or stop the soviet union's advance. See the following section for a detailed chronology of the events of world war ii in november 1944, including the destruction of the nazi battleship tirpitz. Heavy losses in the hurtgen forestsouth of aachen, germany, is the densely forested hurtgen forest. In 1944, it was heavily fortified by the germans, and just to the southeast were the roer dams. These dams were of considerable operational importance, because if the germans had breached them at the moment of their choice, they could have created a serious water barrier to stop the allied advance. The german defense was concentrated in the village of schmidt, and bunkers, snipers, mines, booby traps, dug-in anti-tank guns and stationary machine guns were fortified throughout the surrounding forest. It was a "green hell" in which us armored vehicles and artillery could do little to support the fighting infantrymen - many of them newly arrived replacements - who were drawn into the forest in ever-increasing numbers. Part of the formidable defenses of the siegfried line also passed through this damp, dark, freezing forest. A fierce series of battles conducted in october and november by the ninth, 28th, eighth, fourth and first u.S. Infantry divisions under the overall command of the first u.S. Army general courtney hodges as part of the 12th u.S. Army group general bradley, led to the most expensive infantry fighting during the war in north-western europe for the us armed forces. In early december, the americans finally broke through hurtgen. The excessive losses suffered by some units in hurtgen were also attributed to poor training at the division and regimental level. Some american troops lacked proper training and special equipment for conducting combat operations in the near terrain. This type of combat was unlike the fast-moving, mobile armored operations- with guaranteed air and artillery support on call-to which gis had become too accustomed since the breakout from normandy four months earlier. Consequently, by early december, the battle of hurtgen resulted in 24,000 american combat losses. Another 5,000 american soldiers were ineffective due to trench foot, combat fatigue and respiratory diseases. In general, american losses in the battles in northwestern europe that fall amounted to 57,000 people, not counting 70,000 non-combat losses. The roer dams were finally captured on february 9, 1945 during a new major anglo-american offensive. Chronology of the second world war: november 3, 1944 - november 23, 1944 In november 1944, japanese troops fought fiercely, but continued to lose ground in the war. The detailed chronology of the second world war, given below, summarizes the events of november 1944. Chronology of the second world war: november 3 - november 23november 3: the japanese launch more than 9,000 hydrogen balloons with incendiary elements attached to them, sending them with westerly winds to north america. Fewer than 300 balloons will reach their targets, but one was found and blown up in oregon, killing a woman and five children. 5 november: german troops surrounded 200 dutch citizens in the town of heusden. The germans barricaded them inside the town hall and blew up the building, proving that they are just as dangerous when retreating as when advancing. Americans bomb singapore. 7 november: franklin roosevelt wins his fourth consecutive term as president of the united states. " Switzerland's "neutral" ties with nazi germany, coupled with its hostility towards communism, deprive stalin of the desire to resume diplomatic relations. Richard sorge, a spy of the soviet union who kept moscow informed of japanese military plans before he was captured by the japanese, hanged in tokyo. 8 november: the luftwaffe loses one of its best ace pilots, major walter nowotny crashes his messerschmitt 262 over nazi germany. 10 november: the japanese puppet government in nanjing, china, sees a change of leadership when chen kunpo replaces the deceased wang jingwei. 12 november: after many attempts to destroy the german battleship tirpitz, the british finally succeed. Hit by at least two powerful bombs, the huge ship capsizes and goes down with most of its crew of 1,900 people. 23 november: german possessions in the french alsace-lorraine region were further reduced as a result of the allied seizure of strasbourg, the main city of the region. Headlines about the second world warthe drawing of the nose on american military aircraft and on the pages of life magazine are two topics covered in the headlines about the second world war for 1944, given below. Heavy losses on peleliu: a japanese skull in a helmet draws attention to a warning sign ("danger! Move fast") on the island of peleliu, when the campaign ends in october 1944. The first marine division landed on peleliu on september 15, despite indications that the original objective of the campaign - protecting general macarthur's flank in the philippines offensive - was no longer necessary. Expecting only a few days of battles, the marines found themselves embroiled in bloody battles among a maze of coral rocks and caves. By the time the fighting ended in november, american troops had suffered more than 9,500 casualties in exchange for the island, which brought little strategic benefit. Tom lee's graphic drawings for life magazine: tom lea iii joined life magazine as a corresponding artist in 1940. His wartime paintings included such diverse subjects as politics and scenes on the battlefields. His graphic depictions of the fighting on peleliu island in 1944 became famous for their realism and horror, which were unlike anything he or any other american war artist had previously depicted. In the film "a look at two thousand yards," he portrayed, in his words, a marine "staring fixedly at nothing," whose "mind was destroyed in battle."." Nose pattern on american bombers and fighters: the noses of many american bombers and fighters were decorated sensual images of women. They were often modeled after women in magazines such as esquire. The crew of each aircraft paid a professional artist or amateur, who was often a member of the crew or support staff at the airbase. Some artists painted images of women that were too graphic for the taste of the commanders. In each case, the crews were ordered to change the drawing by painting over the offending figures. Richard bong, "ace of aces": u.S. Air force pilot richard bong was a leading american ace during the war. In the southwestern pacific ocean in april 1944, bong became the first american to beat eddie rickenbacker with a score of 26 points for the first world war. After a home leave, bong returned to the southwest pacific in september 1944. Although he was ordered not to seek a fight, he did. His "courage and fearlessness" in october and november brought him the medal of honor. As a result, having won a total of 40 victories, the ace of aces died on august 6, 1945, on the day of the bombing of hiroshima, during test flights of the new p-80. The us defends its foothold on leyte: the japanese battleship yamato is bombed during the second battle in the philippine sea. The super battleship sortied as part of operation sho-1, an elaborate japanese scheme to destroy the american beachhead on leyte, philippines. Although the diversionary maneuver successfully distracted admiral bull halsey's aircraft carriers, the absence of japanese aviation doomed sho to death. A handful of american destroyers, escort destroyers and the few available aircraft from escort carriers barely managed to distract the japanese naval forces from the beachhead. "We didn't have air cover to repel the enemy's attack, for whom it was a pure offensive," the japanese officer noted. Attack on the princeton: a fire on the aircraft carrier uss princeton got out of control after a japanese air attack. On october 24, more than 60 japanese bombers and ground-based torpedo bombers, accompanied by 130 fighters, attacked the us naval forces covering the landing in leyte. Although these japanese forces were destroyed by american fighters, one dive bomber shot down the princeton with a 550-pound bomb that penetrated the flight deck. The crew abandoned the ship when burning gasoline spread to parked planes and an ammunition depot. Damage control teams remained to fight the fire, but a few hours later a powerful explosion tore apart the aircraft carrier, killing or injuring almost everyone who remained on board. See the following section for a detailed timeline of the events of world war ii in late november 1944, including canada's decision to join the allied forces. Chronology of the second world war: november 23, 1944 - november 29, 1944 In november 1944, the united states attacked tokyo with long-range bombers. The detailed chronology of the second world war, given below, summarizes this and other events at the end of november 1944. Chronology of the second world war: november 23 - november 29 november 23: the canadian parliament approves the limited project - a dramatic departure from what was strictly a volunteer force. About 16,000 more canadian troops will join the allies. 24 november: discouraged by the defeat of the warsaw uprising and disgusted by the soviet union's manipulations on the polish border, the exiled prime minister stanislav mikolajczyk leaves his post. The united states is attacking tokyo with 111 long-range b-29 bombers. They operate from forward bases on the recently occupied mariana island of saipan. 25 november: german v-2 rocket destroys woolworth's department store in london. Of the more than 160 victims, many are children. Several american aircraft carriers were damaged as a result of kamikaze attacks in the waters off the philippine islands. 26 november: as soviet troops advance towards auschwitz, heinrich himmler orders the destruction of a complex of gas chambers and crematoriums along with the last jews of the sonderkommando, trying to hide evidence of nazi atrocities. 27 november: an ammunition depot explodes in burton-on-trent, england, killing 68 people and dozens of animals. Antwerp is being subjected to massive v-2 bombing attacks as the allies finally open shipping operations in the belgian port. The chinese still cannot unite for the common goal of fighting japan, and chiang kai-shek again refuses to share his stocks of american weapons with the communists. 29 november: the shinano, a huge japanese aircraft carrier commissioned earlier this month, is sinking after being torpedoed by the american submarine archerfish.. The united states prevails on the philippine island of leyte: american troops examine the bodies of japanese snipers on the philippine island of leyte. After two months of fighting, from october to december, u.S. Troops captured the island as part of general macarthur's promise to return the philippines. However, leyte was not an unqualified success. The flow of japanese reinforcements delayed the battle, and american losses were higher than expected. But the japanese fared worse. The naval battles off leyte effectively destroyed the remnants of the japanese fleet, while the land campaign required almost 65,000 troops. Having made the last attempt, the japanese paratroopers landed on december 6 at two american airfields in leyte. Although this created considerable confusion, they were all killed or expelled. General robert eichelberger, "macarthur firefighter": general robert eichelberger enters the firing line near buna beach, new guinea. Known as the "macarthur firefighter" for his problem-solving skills on the battlefield, eichelberger was one of the few american generals who sought to maintain cordial relations with australians. This foresight was immeasurably helpful when he was ordered to rescue the deteriorating situation in buna in 1943. Subsequently appointed commander of the eighth army, eichelberger completed the capture of leyte in 1944, conducted a series of amphibious operations in the philippines and defeated the japanese in mindanao. He later commanded the eighth army during the occupation of japan. Filipinos reject japanese propaganda: filipino civilians viewed a japanese propaganda poster in manila in october 1944. The message probably refers to an air battle off the coast of taiwan in mid-october, in which japanese pilots claimed to have sunk 11 american aircraft carriers and two battleships. In fact, not a single american ship was lost. Such propaganda statements became less and less plausible as the war unfolded against japan. The japanese propaganda machine faced a particularly difficult task in the pro-american philippines, where secret radio messages kept the population informed of the achievements of the allies. Graffiti with the words "i'll be back" appeared everywhere - from buses to brothels. American submarines destroy japanese forces: general tojo said that american submarines were a key factor in the defeat of japan. They sank almost two-thirds of all japanese merchant tonnage that was destroyed, and almost a third of all warships that were sunk. At first, their results were disappointing due to defective torpedoes, overly cautious captains and lack of imagination in strategic deployment. These shortcomings were overcome in 1943. The u.S. Navy lost 52 of its 288 submarines, but american submarine crews rescued more than 500 downed american pilots, including future president george h.W. Bush. Pictured is the uss wahoo, a 1,525-ton gato-class submarine. The pacific fleet relies on the american destroyer new jersey: with a speed of 33 knots, the battleship uss new jersey, like all iowa-class vessels, could keep up with aircraft carriers. She had less armor protection than comparable japanese battleships, but her nine 16-inch guns were formidable. As the flagship of admiral spruance's fifth fleet in 1944, he covered aircraft carriers, destroyed enemy ships and aircraft, and provided shore bombardment. New jersey supported operations in the caroline islands, marshall islands, palau, new guinea, mariana islands, philippines and formosa, and also acted as the flagship of the fifth and third fleets. His service continued into 1945, especially in okinawa. Kamikaze pilots attack allied forces: at the beginning of the pacific war, the allies noted the willingness of the japanese to die in battle. When japan's strategic position became difficult, its leaders methodically used this enthusiasm. Vice admiral onishi takijiro provoked suicide air attacks on enemy ships in leyte gulf in october 1944. Suicide squads were named "kamikaze", or "divine wind", in honor of the typhoon of the 13th century, which defeated the mongol invasion. The japanese command liked the kamikaze attacks because they negated the inexperience of pilots and the obsolescence of aircraft, as well as reduced fuel consumption. Moreover, they could demoralize the allies and demonstrate the supposed spiritual superiority of the newly inspired japan. Aircraft carriers are the key to us victory: kamikaze shoots down the american destroyer essex in november 1944. Exact statistics on kamikaze are elusive, but apparently 2,500 to 5,000 japanese suicide pilots were killed during the entire war, at least 34 allied ships were sunk, and 288 to 368 ships were damaged. While the kamikazes could not change the course of the war, the essex-class aircraft carriers did. Prime minister tojo called their ability to operate for several months without entering the harbor critical to japan's defeat. As a result of the attack depicted in the photo, the essex was damaged, 15 crew members were killed and 44 were injured. However, after about three weeks, the ship returned to service. Japanese balloon bombs reach the united states: on may 5, 1945, a woman and five children were killed while moving a large balloon they found near bly, oregon. It was one of about 9,000 balloons that the japanese launched towards the united states from november 1944 to april 1945. Each was 33 feet in diameter and carried one 33-pound antipersonnel bomb and four incendiary shells. They reached an altitude of 35,000 feet and were moving at about 100 miles per hour. About 300 balloon bomb incidents have been reported in the united states and canada, but the only victims were those killed in oregon. The balloon in this picture was discovered in montana. The british are tracking down the tirpitz: the sister ship of the bismarck, the tirpitz, posed a serious threat, and the british were determined to destroy it. In 1943, temporary explosive charges were installed on ultra-small x-class submarines - three-man submarines carrying a mine from each side - which disabled the ship. In april 1944, the repaired tirpitz was again damaged by carrier-based aircraft. Effective german defenses, including smoke screens, as well as cloudy weather protected the tirpitz during several more airstrikes. However, on november 12, the red army forces bombed and finally sank the ship. The nazis are playing mind games with propaganda: propaganda was used by both sides during the war to undermine the morale of the enemy. At the end of the war, the germans distributed fake copies of life magazine to remind american soldiers of home and play with their minds. In one particular "issue" of the magazine, a smiling woman is depicted on the front side, and a skull is on the back. This propaganda material was distributed by three german soldiers along various trails used by the americans. Two germans were killed, and the third was captured. Members of the 91st division who saw the brochure "unanimously agreed," wrote bernie smith, a member of the unit, "that the unholy wench posing for a photograph on the front is much more terrible than the old man on the back." B-29 superfortress: american b-29 superfortresses take to the air. The most advanced bomber of its time, the superfortress had a sealed cockpit, a central fire control system and remotely controlled machine gun turrets. Advanced design, complex production requirements and a rush to production created serious reliability problems on early aircraft. However, the long-range bomber eventually became the basis of the air campaign against japan. Bombers fly over tokyo: japanese soldiers have installed an anti-aircraft machine gun on the roof of a tokyo department store. Such improvised means of defense were largely useless against the high-flying b-29 bombers that began to appear over the capital in 1944. The limited number of japanese fighters was only slightly more effective. In the united states, the 20th bomber command reported that in 1944 it lost only 20 bombers from enemy fighters and five from anti-aircraft fire. During the year, heavy bombers will fly over japan with almost impunity, even dropping leaflets warning the population about future targets. Other kamikaze attacks and the malmedy massacre are described in the chronology of the events of world war ii in december 1944 on the following page. Chronology of the second world war: december 3, 1944 - december 18 1944 In december 1944, greece plunged into civil war, and allied forces continued to strike targets in southeast asia. See the detailed chronology of world war ii below to learn more about the events in december 1944. Chronology of the second world war: december 3 - december 18 december 3: uncontrolled fighting between greek pro- and anti-communist groups leads to a civil war. King george vi demobilizes the british national guard. 8 december: the american air force begins a long offensive against japanese positions on the island of iwo jima. They will spend more than two months weakening japanese defenses before a ground attack. 10 december: representatives of the soviet union and france meet in moscow and sign a 20-year treaty of friendship and assistance. The allies are building the world's longest 1,154-foot bridge across burma's chindwin river. 12 december: almost 500 civilians were killed in a v-2 strike on the rex cinema in antwerp.. 13 december: new kamikaze attacks are damaging us navy warships in the sulu sea. 15 december: the plane carrying the leader of the american group glenn miller disappears after taking off from england in bad weather.. 16 december: the battle of the bulge of the ardennes begins when the germans deliver a massive blow to the us positions in the luxembourg ardennes forest. President roosevelt promotes general douglas macarthur to the rank of five-star general. 17 december: sixty-seven american prisoners of war died during the malmedy massacre when a german unit accidentally opened fire on a group of 170 prisoners. The motive is not obvious. 509- my consolidated group is going to a training ground in western utah to carry out a special mission on high-speed and high-altitude bombing over japan. 17-18 december: a powerful typhoon covers the us third fleet. More than 700 people were killed. Headlines of the second world warread below the headlines and images of the events of the second world war in 1944. The japanese were in desperate need of food: in 1944, the food shortage in japan worsened. Wild dogs roamed the streets of tokyo in search of food, but sometimes they became food themselves. Civilians began to grow crops and raise animals at the olympic stadium, built for the cancelled 1940 games. By 1941, almost all arable land, including golf courses, had been cultivated, but japan still imported most of its soybeans and sugar. Domestic rice crops and imports helped people fight hunger until the last year of the war. In 1945, food shortages caused by strategic bombing and the blockade of submarines led to mass flight to the countryside and suffering in the cities. Burma's young kachin rangers: in the burma campaign, indigenous groups such as kachin, karen and chin helped the allies. The kachin rangers conducted reconnaissance and provided flanking protection for the american galahad forces, colloquially known as the "merrill marauders". On may 17, 1944, kachin and chinese troops helped the americans capture the myitkin airstrip. This photo taken on the runway that month reportedly shows a 10-year-old chinese soldier waiting to be sent to china. However, at least one of these boys may be a kachin. The kachin rangers consisted of young guys who often carried machine guns and traditional swords. The boy on the left is wearing a predominantly british uniform. The greek civil war: the liberation of greece from the axis occupation in october 1944 did not bring peace to the country. Eam-elas (national liberation front - national people's liberation army), a communist-led resistance movement against the axis occupation, controlled about two-thirds of greece by the time the germans evacuated. Elas (the military wing of the organization) refused the demands of the post-war greek government to disarm. This refusal led to violence in athens between greek partisans and british troops, including these paratroopers from the fifth parachute battalion, part of the second british parachute brigade. The civil war continued to rage in greece until 1949. See the following section for a detailed chronology of the events of world war ii at the end of december 1944. Typhoon in the philippines on december 17, 1944, the us 38th task force was 300 miles from its destination: luzon, philippines. When the ships were preparing to refuel on the island of mindoro, the wind began to increase. "Moderate transverse swell and wind ranging from 20 to 30 knots made it difficult to refuel," admiral william halsey recalled in his autobiography. His staff aerologist told him it was just a "tropical disturbance." As the storm intensified, halsey suspended refueling and ordered his ships to move away from the storm. It was no longer a "tropical disturbance", but a typhoon. On december 18, he was on a collision course with the task force. Many of halsey's destroyers had very little fuel, which made the ships treacherously high in the sea. When the center of the typhoon passed close to the task force, the hurricane wind brought down huge waves on the helpless vessels. - Shortly after twelve o'clock... "An officer on the destroyer's hull later reported: "the wind speed has increased to an incredibly high point, which i estimated at 110 knots. The force of this wind steadily tilted the ship to starboard." When the storm passed, according to halsey, it "sank three destroyers, claimed the lives of 790 people, crashed about 200 aircraft and damaged twenty-eight ships."For the next three days, all capable ships and planes desperately searched for survivors. After the disaster, the worst in the united states navy suffered from a storm since 1889, new weather stations and offices were created throughout the pacific ocean. Chronology of the second world war: december 18, 1944 - december 31, 1944 In december 1944, the united states turned its attacks on japanese forces in china. The detailed chronology of the second world war, given below, summarizes the events at the end of december 1944. Chronology of the second world war: december 18 - december 31 december 18: the us is trying to put an end to the recent japanese conquests in mainland china by sending a series of b-29 raids on japanese positions around hankou. 19 december: about 130 belgian civilians accused of harboring american troops were killed by nazi gestapo officers. 22 december: surrounded with his 101st airborne division at the battle of the bulge, brigadier general anthony mcauliffe receives an ultimatum of surrender from the germans, to which he utters his immortal answer: "nuts." In later years, he assumed that his actual answer was a stronger four-letter word. 23 december: american soldiers in bastogne, belgium, receive badly needed supplies and offensive reinforcements.. 24 december: members of the german sicherheitsdienst take revenge for an attack by the belgian resistance, killing almost all the young people in the village of banda. One of them, leon prile, manages to escape. More than 800 american soldiers were killed when u-486 sank the american military transport leopoldville in the english channel. 26 december: american tanks break through the german line and end the siege of bastogne, as well as the offensive in the ardennes. Although they initially won at the local level, the german forces are significantly depleted. 29 december: hungary declares war on its former ally nazi germany as soviet union tanks enter budapest and urban warfare engulfs the city. 31 december: several german soldiers caught posing as american soldiers behind allied lines were executed by firing squad. The battle of leyte ends with the allies losing 3,500 out of 200,000 men. The japanese lose 49,000 men out of a squad of 55,000. World war ii headlinessee the headlines and images below for more information about the events that took place during world war ii. Production troubles doom the german messerschmitt jet me 262: the potential of nazi germany's highly efficient messerschmitt me 262 jet fighter was squandered due to the slow production of the junkers jumo 004 jet engine that powered it. This was not because, as is commonly believed, hitler insisted that the aircraft be used as a fighter-bomber, and not as a pure fighter. The 262nd with a speed of 540 miles per hour (the american p-51 mustang could reach a speed of 437 miles per hour) did not participate in combat operations until july 1944, too late to affect the landing on d-day or the larger outcome of the war. Although about 1,400 me 262s were delivered, fewer than 300 aircraft participated in the battles. During the same period, great britain fielded about 20 gloucester meteor jet fighters, and nazi germany experimented with the comet, a messerschmitt rocket aircraft difficult to control, capable of reaching speeds of just under 600 miles per hour.. U.S. Army women 's army corps: members of the representative of the u.S. Women's army corps (wac) faced objections from military and civilian conservatives who did not believe that women should wear military uniforms. When the wac was established in 1942 as a special unit of the u.S. Army, its members were the first non-nurse women to serve in the u.S. Army. More than 150,000 american women took this opportunity to contribute to the war effort, taking important military and industrial positions such as clerk, stenographer, telephone operator, scientific technician, teletype and cryptography specialist, and mechanic. American prisoners of war suffer in frosty weather: in the belgian snow lie the bodies of 67 american prisoners of war killed on december 17, 1944 by a waffen-ss unit under the command of ss major joachim piper. Those who escaped the malmedy massacre reported cold-blooded killings, and the news quickly reached the american troops on the front line. Obviously, in response to this, the written order of the 328th infantry regiment of the usa dated december 21 read: "not a single ss soldier or paratrooper will be captured, but will be shot on the spot." Attacks and counterattacks in belgium: adolf hitler ordered a major offensive in the west in december 1944 because he believed it would split the anglo-american alliance, disrupt the allied advance and eventually lead to a dunkirk-like situation. Germany's strategic objective was antwerp, belgium, and the main offensive was launched against the americans from the dense, snow-covered forests of the ardennes. Elite waffen-ss troops and armored units led the assault, initially advancing quickly against the surprised and demoralized soldiers. However, the heroic defense of bastogne by the 101st airborne division of the united states, superior artillery and aircraft, as well as decisive counterattacks inflicted by patton and montgomery, finally restored the position of the allies by the end of december. The battle of the bulge: on december 16, 1944, nazi germany launched a massive offensive in the ardennes region in southern belgium. The germans forced a "bulge" in the uncertain allied offensive, plunging the surprised us forces into one of the fiercest battles they had to endure in europe. According to kenneth coyen, an officer of the third army, american troops in the early days did not call this battle the battle of the bulge, instead calling it the german breakthrough. "The end and the outcome were not yet visible," koyen recalled, "and the desperate german attack threw a chill on the battlefield." Soldiers die in cold weather in the ardennes: the sherman tank drove past another american armored vehicle that slid off an icy road in the ardennes on december 20, 1944. The weather was the allies' worst obstacle in the early days of the battle of the bulge- and the germans knew it. They deliberately launched their attack when poor visibility limited the air support of the us ground forces. Most of the staggering number of american casualties in the battle came in the first three days. The coldest and snowiest weather that the harsh mountain forest has ever seen caused serious damage to american troops. German infiltrators infiltrate the united states: a german commando was captured in an american uniform during the battle of the bulge. The sudden offensive was accompanied by an elite unit of english-speaking germans trained to gather intelligence, carry out sabotage and sow general chaos in the rear of the allies. Small groups of these commandos, driving captured american jeeps and dressed in gi uniforms, managed to infiltrate the united states. Lines in the first hours of the attack, causing great horror. Those who were considered spies, those who were unlucky enough to be captured, were shot. Americans face numerous obstacles in the ardennes: german troops effectively took advantage of cloudy skies in the early stages of their surprise offensive in the ardennes. Although american planes were able to take to the air when the blue sky returned, this did not automatically reduce the determination of the german infantry or the danger to american soldiers. The snow-covered landscape, groves of trees that could hide german troops and armored vehicles, indistinctly outlined lines, the continuing cold - all this affected the american troops as they regrouped to push the germans back. German troops are exhausted in belgium: american soldiers watch the battle of allied and german planes on christmas 1944. The weather over belgium has recently cleared up, and allied aircraft were finally able to support ground troops in a counterattack against the germans. Hitler's belief that the western allies were weak and divided turned out to be unfounded. Montgomery's british troops attacked from the north, patton's third u.S. Army attacked from the south, and american troops successfully defended the city of bastogne. Starting on january 8, the germans retreated from the ardennes. The battle of the bulge cost terribly expensive to all participants in the fighting. American losses amounted to about 81,000 people, and german losses ranged from 60,000 to 100,000 people. But the losses of nazi germany in people and equipment were irreplaceable. See the following section for a detailed chronology of the events of world war ii in january 1945. The malmedy massacreon sunday, december 17, 1944, shortly after the germans launched their big offensive in the ardennes, several american prisoners were shot by soldiers of the first ss panzer regiment at the bauniez crossroads, near the belgian border. The city of malmedy. The true extent and circumstances of the malmedy massacre remain controversial to this day. It is only known that of the 113 prisoners gathered on the battlefield in baunese, 67 died there. Forty-six of them, some of whom were injured, managed to escape from the scene. The massacre began when one of the germans opened fire. Several survivors claim to have heard the order given. The barrage of machine gun and rifle fire continued for 15 minutes, and then deliberate shots were fired to finish off everyone who was still showing signs of life. These recent bloody coups turned a possible "combat incident" into an indisputable atrocity that resonated with all american troops in northwestern europe. This immediately prompted orders in some units of the us army to shoot all ss prisoners they could capture. Although those considered responsible for the massacre were later brought before a us military tribunal, serious violations of coercion and procedure by the prosecution eventually led to the commutation of all the numerous death sentences. Those who were imprisoned received early release, and by 1960 they were all released. " The bullet went through the head of the man next to me. I lay still, waiting for the end. Could he see me breathing? Can i take a kick in the groin without wincing?...He was standing at my head. What was he doing? Time seemed to have stopped. And then i heard him slowly reloading his gun...They laughed and talked. A few steps before the reload was finished and he was no longer so close to my head, then another shot a little further away and he passed me.. " -- First lieutenant of the u.S. Army virgil t. Lary describing the incident in malmedy Chronology of the second world war: january 1, 1945 - january 14, 1945 In january 1945, the nazi forces ran out of resources as the allies continued to gain momentum. The detailed chronology of the second world war, given below, summarizes the events of january 1945. Chronology of the second world war: january 1 - january 14january: nazi germany begins to run out of fuel for its armed forces. Tanks are abandoned where they stand. 1 january: the puppet lublin committee of the soviet union assumes control over parts of poland liberated by the red army. The luftwaffe is carrying out significant strikes on allied bases in france, belgium and the netherlands, but at the same time losing almost half of its 800-strong air fleet. 2 january: british admiral sir bertram ramsey, who commanded the allied naval forces during the invasion of normandy, died in a plane crash after flying from france to belgium. American ships en route to luzon from leyte gulf are being vigorously attacked by a fleet of japanese kamikaze pilots. 3 january: canada is sending its first group of about 13,000 conscripts to war in europe, but many of them are throwing their rifles overboard in protest.. The us third fleet lost 18 aircraft in raids on okinawa, formosa and the pescadores. Japan is losing 12 ships and more than 100 aircraft. 5 january: despite the opposition of the british and american authorities, the lublin government of poland is recognized by the soviet union. 6 january: allied attacks reduced the number of japanese aircraft on luzon to 35 - a reduction of about 115 in just a month. 12 january: the red army is conducting a massive offensive against nazi germany on the eastern front, sending more than a million soldiers to confront the german forces, which make up only a small part of this number. 14 january: the japanese launch a counterattack against british forces on the irrawaddy river in burma. The japanese will not be conquered for a month. Headlines about the second world warsee the headlines and images below describing the destruction during world war ii throughout 1944 and 1945. Messerschmitt me 163 komet - fast, but with drawbacks: the only functional messerschmitt me 163 komet rocket plane in world war ii was first used by the luftwaffe as a fighter in 1944. Its astounding speed (a maximum of 596 mph) actually made it difficult for its pilots to target the much slower bombers of that era. In addition, it was decided to limit its eight-minute powered flight time and flight range to 25 miles. Moreover, the number of me 163 destroyed as a result of accidents significantly exceeded the number of enemy aircraft shot down by them. Overall, the comet was a fascinating experiment that appeared too late during the war to help the luftwaffe. Bastion of bastogne evacuated: refugees evacuate the belgian city of bastogne at the end of 1944. When german armored troops launched the offensive that became known as the battle of the bulge, many belgians fled along with the small number of american soldiers. But the americans were also eager to fight. In the usa, the 101st airborne division reached bastogne - the crossroads where seven main roads converged - on december 19. German tanks surrounded the city, but the 101st, units of the 10th armored and auxiliary units held bastogne until the end of the fighting in january, preventing the easy movement of german tanks along these roads. The allies bomb nuremberg: known for its elaborate pre-war hitler rallies and later as the site of german war crimes trials, nuremberg was also an important production center for germany's war effort. It became a target for allied bombing, and on january 2, 1945, the city center with its medieval architecture was attacked by allied bombers. The raid was so successful that most of the city center was destroyed in less than an hour. More than 1,800 nuremberg residents were killed and thousands were left homeless. Is hitler inspecting bomb damage - or is he doing it? Although hitler was shocked and angered by the allied bombing attacks on german cities, he rarely visited the designated areas. Nevertheless, the london newspaper "news chronicle" published this photo in its january 31, 1945 issue with a caption stating that the fuhrer "inspects the ruins of a german city whose name has not been disclosed." The newspaper overlooked (or ignored) the fact that hitler stopped wearing a swastika armband as soon as the war began. The photo was almost certainly taken during an official visit to a pre-war natural disaster or accident. Private eddie slovik executed for desertion: the unhappy life of private eddie slovik included several arrests in his youth, a few years before he was drafted to the united states. Army. He arrived in france in august 1944 and deserted a few days later. Returning to his unit, he deserted again and refused to return to service. He was executed in france on january 31, 1945, making him the first american executed for desertion since the civil war. Under the influence of the high level of desertion among american soldiers, general eisenhower refused to pardon the young private. See the following section for a detailed chronology of the events of world war ii at the end of january 1945, including the liberation of the embattled city of warsaw, poland. Chronology of the second world war: january 15, 1945 - january 30, 1945 In january 1945, the allies made huge strides in defending most of europe from nazi troops. The detailed chronology of the second world war, given below, summarizes the events at the end of january 1944. Chronology of the second world war: january 15 - january 30 january 15: commercial shipping resumes in the english channel for the first time in almost five years. 16 january: hitler moves his residence and operational base to the underground bunker of the berlin reich chancellery.. 17 january: the red army liberates warsaw, the capital of poland. 18 january: stragglers of japanese units in peleliu attack american ammunition depots and an american airbase.. 19 january: the germans retreat before the advance of the red army through poland. The russians are occupying the polish cities of tarnow, lodz and krakow. 20 january: president roosevelt is sworn in for his fourth presidential term. 25 january: during the largest naval mining campaign of the pacific war, the allies sowed the waters off the coasts of singapore and indochina with almost 370 mines. 26 january: the army of the soviet union liberates auschwitz. They found that almost 3,000 prisoners are still in detention, with many of them on the verge of death. 27 january: the japanese lose about 100 aircraft as a result of us counterattacks on japanese air bases in okinawa.. 28 january: the battle of the bulge is coming to an end as the last german soldiers are forced to retreat.. For the first time in almost three years, deliveries to china are carried out via the burma road, which was recently reopened and renamed in honor of the allied general stilwell. 30 january: with the red army less than 100 miles from berlin, the defiant hitler delivers his final address on the radio. Seven thousand people died when the german liner wilhelm gustloff was sunk by a soviet union submarine. World war ii headlinesbelow are other highlights and images describing the events that took place in 1945 during world war ii. Americans released in the philippines: in three years, they were left skin and bones from captivity by american civilians lee rogers and john k. Todd is sitting outside the gym of the university of santo tomas in manila. They were liberated by the first u.S. Cavalry division on january 3, 1945. Santo tomas was the main internment center for american civilians after the fall of the philippines, with an average of about 4,000 internees. Although civilians in santo tomas and other camps suffered from food shortages and overcrowding, they were subjected to less brutality than allied prisoners of war, and even managed to open a school for children. The indomitable uss hornet: curtiss helldivers flies over the uss hornet (cv-12) in january 1945. It was the second american aircraft carrier with this name. The first (cv-8) participated in the doolittle raid, fought at midway and was sunk at the battle of santa cruz in 1942. Cv-12 was in continuous operation for 16 months from 1943-45. He was attacked 59 times, but never hit. On the contrary, his aircraft sank or damaged 1,269,710 tons of enemy transport and destroyed 1,410 japanese aircraft. Hornet supported almost all pacific landings since march 1944 and made a significant contribution to the victory in the battle of the philippine sea. In february 1945, she launched air strikes on tokyo. Soviet troops liberate auschwitz: when the red army was advancing westward in poland, it arrived at the auschwitz camp complex on january 27, 1945. "I saw the faces of the people we liberated," recalled major anatoly shapiro of the soviet union. "They've been through hell." Nine days before their release, 60,000 prisoners were transferred from the auschwitz complex to other camps beyond the immediate reach of soviet union troops. About 7,000 prisoners were left behind and released. The survivors of auschwitz enthusiastically welcome their liberators. To follow the more important events of the second world war, see: Chronology of the second world war Nazi germany capitulates Invasion on d-day" Authors: john s. D. Eisenhower, senator daniel k. Inouye, roshard overy, phd, david j. A. Stone, wim coleman, martin f. Graham, james h. Hallas, mark johnston, phd, kristy nadalin, pat perrin, peter stanley, phd. Nazi medical experiments"wherever a joyful bird sings, it sings for another. Wherever a tiny star twinkles far away, it twinkles for another."This tender poem was written by one of the most vicious german officers of the second world war. Raised a catholic, dr. Josef mengele, the "angel of death", was the chief physician of auschwitz. Mengele was one of the first germans the new arrivals saw when they entered auschwitz. Dressed in an immaculately white medical coat, he decided who should live and who should die. Many of those who were chosen to live became the objects of mengele's ruthless medical experiments. He was particularly interested in twins, engaging in practices such as injecting chloroform directly into the hearts of twins to test the comparative reactions of the organs. Repeatedly, he took two healthy twins and joined them together to make siamese twins. Most of those who survived the experiments were eventually killed. The flesh on many of the corpses was boiled from bones, which were then sent to the anthropological museum in berlin. Mengele was not the only german doctor who conducted experiments on helpless prisoners. Also at auschwitz, dr. Horst schumann exposed men's testicles to huge doses of x-rays before extracting and examining them. Doctors eduard virts and karl klauberg examined women's uterus after injections of toxic chemicals. These experiments were designed to develop methods of mass sterilization of people. Other doctors experimented on prisoners in buchenwald, dachau and other german concentration camps. At the nuremberg trials after the war, from december 1946 to august 1947, 23 german doctors and scientists were tried. Mengele was not included in the list. He fled to south america, where he died in 1979. The experiments conducted by the convicted doctors were grouped into 12 categories, including: high altitude, freezing, malaria, seawater, sterilization and incendiary bomb. In each of them, people faced unnatural conditions, which for most led to horrific deaths. Of those doctors who were tried in nuremberg, seven were acquitted, seven were sentenced to death, and nine were imprisoned. Read more